Vol. 5 No. 01 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 01

This scientific article briefly examines the architectural elements and artistic decor inherent in the architecture of the city of Samarkand, which has existed since ancient times and is relevant at the present time. In particular, the work talks about such decorative elements as izora, frieze, shelves, showcase, dahana, ceiling, arch, altar, honor, book, chain, tulip, orange, etc., as well as their functions in architecture.

Since the emergence of humanity, governance relations have taken different forms in different eras and have been formed in different ways. As the world community became more modern, the ways of forming the administration became more democratized. Today, people's participation in the formation of state administration is carried out through free, democratic and transparent elections. We can observe that the characteristics of the electoral system are manifested in different ways in different countries of the world. Studying the importance of the political party institution in the formation of state administration through elections is one of the urgent tasks of modern political science.

In our country, in recent years, the importance of civil society institutions, in particular political parties, has been increasing in shaping the system of public administration. As a result of reforms, political parties have become the main institutions that form the government, along with the presidential and parliamentary institutions, which has further increased its influence.

The article examines and studies the important mechanisms of creating an influential political speech. It is worth noting that influential speeches have historically played an important role in the development of humanity and have become a part of our lives today. Political speeches have served as an important tool for leaders to express their opinions, mobilize supporters, and shape public opinion. The art of political oratory is widespread in today’s conditions, from large election rallies to television and social media platforms. The article covers the historical development of influential speech and the importance of political speech, the problems that hinder the preparation and delivery of an influential and meaningful speech, and the mechanisms for preparing a political speech.

This article explores the historical significance of the Praetorian Guard, the elite military unit formed to protect Roman emperors and their families. Tracing its origins, the article examines the Guard's various functions, including its roles in security, military operations, and ceremonial duties. It also delves into the political influence wielded by the Praetorian Guard, highlighting pivotal moments of power shifts, including coups, assassinations, and the unit's impact on the stability of the Roman Empire. Through an analysis of key events, the article illustrates how the Praetorian Guard evolved from a protective force to a politically significant entity that shaped the course of Roman history.

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the Indian Journal of the History of Science (IJHS) to uncover historiographic patterns and trends in the field of history of science in India. By analyzing a comprehensive set of articles published in the journal, the study examines key trends in terms of publication frequency, author productivity, thematic focus, citation analysis, and regional contributions over time. The findings highlight the evolving scope of the journal, from early studies on classical Indian science to contemporary research on modern scientific practices in India. The analysis also explores the global influence of Indian historiography in the field, shedding light on cross-disciplinary intersections and the development of new research agendas. Additionally, the study identifies gaps in the literature and suggests future areas for research. This bibliometric approach provides valuable insights for researchers, historians, and policymakers, contributing to the advancement of historiography in the history of science.

This article examines the influence and significance of schools and educational institutions established during the Russian Empire’s occupation on the development of Uzbekistan’s education system, based on historical evidence. In the introduction, the challenges arising during the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia and the resulting need for a structured education system are analyzed. A comparative analysis approach was applied in evaluating the sources.

The study investigates the issue using a chronological sequence, comparative analysis, and regional approach, drawing on archival materials from the republic and regional archives. Specifically, the study focuses on the provinces of the Turkestan General-Governorship, with the Caspian region serving as a primary example.

In conclusion, the article discusses the impact of the Turkestan General-Governorship’s education system on the current education system, offering solutions to the challenges that emerged as a result of this historical influence.

The victory of the USSR in the World War increased its international status as the first socialist state and opened up new opportunities for establishing comprehensive relations between states. The scale of the USSR's international cultural relations led to the gaining of independence and the emergence of Asian and African countries on the world stage in the early 1960s.

The author divided the evolution of Qatar's foreign policy in Afghanistan into four stages. The emirate purposefully increased its efforts in the Afghan track, wisely using its existing capabilities. No less importantly, Qatar took into account the shortcomings of its policy in a number of countries (Syria, Yemen, Sudan, and partly Palestine). As a result, for some time the Emirate became the center of attraction for the international community on almost all key issues related to Afghanistan.

The article also paid attention to the intricacies of diplomatic work on organizing a political office of the Taliban Movement in Doha, which became a turning point for Qatar's policy in Afghanistan.

This article examines the fundamental principles of child upbringing in Islam from a historical perspective. The study analyzes the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith, explores the views of medieval Islamic scholars, and evaluates the role of Islamic civilization in shaping parenting practices. It also discusses their application in modern parenting practices.

In this article, the author examines the issues of unemployment among the population in the villages of the Uzbek SSR between 1980 and 1991, and the factors, causes, problems, and conflicts that led to this unemployment process, using the example of the Khorezm region. Also, the issues of unemployment among all segments of the population, including adults and youth, are analyzed from a historical perspective.

The article discusses the beginning of the urbanization process of the first cities in the territory of Ancient Khorezm. In the Archaic period, the issues of development of cities were thoroughly discussed. Information about the opinions of researchers is given in this regard.