Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
32
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
During the colonial period, a number of reforms were implemented in the social life of Samarkand region. In the article,
the reforms carried out by the Russian Empire in the field of medicine in the Samarkand region in the second half of
the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, as well as the related statistical data, as well as the problems
related to this field at that time, were identified. Also, the influence of changes and innovations implemented by the
empire's administration in this area during the historical period called Zarafshan district and later Samarkand region
was evaluated. In addition, treatment statistics were compared across regions.
KEYWORDS
Province, district, empire, county, sanitation, smallpox, irrigation, disinfection, medical expertise, doctor, governor.
INTRODUCTION
In 1868, when the city of Samarkand was captured and
the Zarafshan district was established, changes took
place in the administrative-management, socio-
economic and cultural spheres by the Russian Empire.
In particular, a number of reforms were implemented
in the field of health care system of the region.
According to Article 90 of the “Temporary Rules of
Administration of Zarafshan District” of 1868, a
separate doctor should be appointed to each
department to provide medical services to the military-
people’s administration of the district, as well as to the
local population, it was determined that one of the
doctors of the battalion can perform (in which case he
will be assigned an additional salary according to the
status) and the supervision of the doctors in the
department will be assigned to the district doctor (who
is also considered the chief doctor of the troops
located in the Zarafshan district at the same time) [1].
Russian doctors mainly provided two types of services
Research Article
ESTABLISHMENT OF MODERN MEDICAL SERVICE IN SAMARKAND
REGION AT THE END OF THE XIX CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE
XX CENTURY
Submission Date:
July 18, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 23, 2023,
Published Date:
July 28, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue07-07
Jonibek Butayev
Associate Professor, Doctor Of Philosophy Department Of History Tashkent University Of Applied Sciences,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
33
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
to the local population: therapeutic and surgical
services.
THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
Various hospitals - emergency rooms, hospitals, semi-
hospitals, hospitals and paramedic stations have been
gradually established in the region. For example, on
January 8, 1870, according to the order No. 3 of
Abramov, the head of the Zarafshan district, on
December 18, 1869, the military-medical inspector of
the district sent with the permission of the governor-
general of Turkestan, Gavrilova, a midwife from the hot
lake, was confirmed to be transferred to the
Samarkand department with the same position [2].
In the order of the head of the district dated February
27, 1870, the construction of the building of the city
hospital was completed, all the necessary materials for
the hospital were prepared, it was suggested to open
the hospital from March 5, and the head of the
Samarkand department was recommended to inform
the local residents about the opening of the hospital
through a special announcement. [3]. According to the
above order, the head of the Samarkand department,
lieutenant colonel Serov, was appointed to the
leadership of the hospital and its economic
department until the specific rules were approved. It
can also be seen from the order that after the opening
of the hospital, during its operation, the head of the
district should follow the instructions and report in the
prescribed form.
About the city hospital, L.F. Kostenko, who came to
Samarkand in 1870, also mentioned that a hospital was
opened in one of the former madrasas in the Asian part
of the city in March of that year [4]. He wrote that a
paramedic and 1 supervisor lived here and received
patients every day. However, the local residents said
that they do not want to use the hospital because it
was built by infidels.
Local residents in rural areas continued to use the
services of doctors. In particular, in 1877, the medical
staff of the Urgut district had a total of 16 male and 9
female doctors and their annual income: It consisted of
1 male doctor (80 rubles), 12 male and 9 female emchi,
duokhan (230 rubles) and 3 male azaimkhans (160
rubles) [5]. In the rest of the district, if the local
population fell ill, men and women turned to healers,
echmis and duakhans.
In 1882-
1883, the emperor’s secret adviser, F.K.
Girs,
who inspected the country, gave the number of
medical personnel providing services to the population
of Zarafshan district as follows: city doctor (in the city
of Samarkand) - 1 person, uezd doctor - 2 people and
their translators - 3 people, uezd midwife - 2 people,
medical assistants - 2 people and paramedics - 2 people.
The total number of medical staff is 12, and they are
allocated 8820 rubles from city and state funds once a
year [6].
In his report, F.Girs noted that due to the vastness of
the districts, the fact that the majority of the local
population lives in a nomadic way, the medical trips of
doctors across the district are not very profitable, and
that Russian medicine is only beneficial for people
living near cities [6].
The reasons for the local population not using the
imperial medical service and the high number of deaths
and diseases were explained by the tsar's officials as
follows: 1) since the benefits of the rational treatment
of Russian doctors were not sufficiently absorbed into
the minds of the majority of the sick local population,
they were treated by doctors, mullahs, etc.; 2)
reasonable medical care is not fully available for all
residents of the region, due to the long distance
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
34
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
between local settlements and places where properly
organized medical care is available; 3) it is not known
how many people from the local and newly immigrated
population sought medical help from military doctors,
as information on the number of patients treated by
them was not provided [7].
In 1886,
the adoption of the “Regulations on the
Administration of the Turkestan Region” did not lead
to fundamental changes in the management system of
the country’s medical department. With Chapter II
(Clause A) of this Regulation, the medical structure
came under the control of the General Military-Medical
Administration [8].
According to the regulations, the medical staff was
supervised by a regional doctor with the right of a
regional medical inspector. His subordination to the
military governor of the region was specially noted.
The appointment of uezd and city doctors was made
by the Chief Military-Medical Inspector, but approved
by the Governor-General of Turkestan. According to
the Regulation of 1886, doctors were obliged to treat
patients - both Russians and natives - both at home and
in hospitals. Thus, the entire medical field, including
purely civilian medicine, was completely left in the
hands of the military. This can be seen from the fact
that in 1911, the governor-general of the country gave
permission to the governor of the region to move the
Bogdon district hospital from the village of Bogdon to
the village of Yalanchi [9].
In the region in 1887
–
1910, the composition of the
medical staff was as follows: Doctors; Female doctors;
Paramedics; Pharmacists; Veterinarians; Midwives;
Female paramedics; Local vaccinators. The number of
doctors in 1887 (5) almost 5 times (23) by 1910, female
doctors 2 times (2 to 5), pharmacists 11 times (1 to 11),
midwives 3 times (5 to 16) and the number of people
applying for the disease increased by 13 times (from
9867 to 128615 people) [10]. From these figures, it can
be seen that the number of pharmacists has increased
compared to doctors.
In 1914, there were 29 male doctors, 5 female doctors,
29 paramedics, 6 midwives, 15 obstetricians and
midwives, 5 dentists and 14 pharmacists in Samarkand
region [11]. Most of the medical staff is concentrated in
the city of Samarkand and uezd, and the existing 5
dentists in the region work only in Samarkand (4) and
Kattakurgan (1), which indicates that the rest of the
population of the region did not have the opportunity
to use this service. A total of 15 obstetricians and
midwives in the province were available only in the city
of Samarkand, while local women-midwives still
provided services for the population of other uezds
and cities. Out of a total of 29 doctors in the region, 3
worked in the Department of Doctors, 4 in the uezd, 7
in the city, 1 in the sanitary and 11 in the zemstvo
sections, and 3 in the railway [11].
There was a regular shortage of medical specialists in
the country, and there were no special hospital
doctors. There were no homes for the mentally ill in the
province and no special departments in civilian
hospitals. Those with mental problems were treated by
local military doctors and a military hospital in Tashkent
[12].
Workers who fell ill in factories turned to city and
district doctors or military doctors for medical help. In
case of serious diseases, the workers were sent for
treatment in a city hospital or a military medical
institution [13].
Due to the lack of medical personnel (inability to use
the services of doctors, paramedics, and midwives),
local residents in villages turned to healers. Rural
residents, who made up the majority of the region’s
population, were far removed from medical care until
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
35
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX
century, in 1898, only a few village paramedic stations
were opened in Samarkand uezd [14].
According to the law of December 26, 1905, in order to
provide medical services to the local population in the
villages, 44 positions of district doctors were
introduced in Syrdarya, Samarkand and Fergana
regions, in particular, 10 district doctors started
working in Samarkand region [15]. The law left the
forensic work in the region to the uezd doctors. The
district doctor submitted semi-monthly, monthly and
annual reports to the regional doctor, according to the
established form, on the patients admitted, diseases,
those treated and his/her activities[16]. In the medical
structure of the district hospital, there were
paramedics and paramedics-midwives subordinate to
the district doctor, who helped him in treatment and
household work. The duty of the paramedic was to
control all medical books and drugs, and the duty of
the midwife was to manage the household affairs.
According to the guidelines adopted in 1905, there
were to be 6 beds (beds) for the villagers in each
district hospital: 4 for men and 2 for women, and 1
spare bed. It was decided that the hospital would
accept people from all walks of life. Intractable period
patients were not admitted. If the number of patients
exceeds the number of available places, the doctor
takes them away depending on the severity and
danger level of the disease or prescribes medicine for
home treatment. In dangerous cases, the patient was
taken out for treatment. In this case, the place of men
is replaced by the place of women or vice versa [16]. All
the patient’s luggage, clothes and money were
registered in a special book in the established order
and kept until departure. The money was kept by the
doctor and the laundry of all the patients was washed.
In case the patient dies from the disease, the money
and belongings are presented to the police to be given
to the relatives.
Among the local population, the number of patients
treated outside the hospital was more than those
treated in the hospital. For example, in 1889, a total of
999 patients were treated in the hospital, and 36,438
patients were treated at home. That is, among the local
population, the number of people who were treated by
Russian doctors outside of hospitals (taking
prescription drugs and being treated at home) was
much higher. Jizzakh uezd ranked first in the region in
terms of the number of patients treated outside the
hospital [13].
According to statistical materials, the number of
people who turn to Russian doctors and the number of
trusting visitors is constantly increasing. In particular,
from 1887 to 1910, medical care provided by Russian
doctors to the local population increased 12 times: In
1887 - 9867 people, in 1889 - 37438 people, in 1890 -
54580 people, in 1892 - 20145 people, in 1893 - 23493
people. 46889 people in 1898, 90280 people in 1904,
128615 people in 1910 [10]. However, if these figures are
taken in relation to the total population, it can be seen
that the number of people seeking medical help is a
minority.
In 1914, out of 173,398 patients who used medical
services in the region, 158,176 were cured by doctors,
and the remaining 15,222 were cured by medical
personnel [11]. Taking into account that the population
was more than 1 million [17] in this period, this figure
was very low compared to the total population. Local
residents used translators in hospitals to communicate
with Russian doctors.
In the province, there were also outpatient clinics
designed to receive only local female patients and their
young children. These hospitals were started in 1886 in
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
36
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the cities of Samarkand and Khojand of the region, and
they were managed by female doctors assisted by
paramedics [12].
According to the order of the Governor-General of
Turkestan Grodekov on March 18, 1886, a women’s and
children’s hospital was opened in the city of Khojand
[18]. Women in Kattakorgan and Jizzakh districts of the
region did not have the opportunity to use this service.
Similar hospitals existed in the cities of Tashkent,
Kokan, Andijan and Namangan in Turkestan.
The introduction of female doctors was also beneficial
for women, as the age-old, strict custom prohibited
them from seeking help from male doctors, through
whom the advances of rational medical science could
penetrate the closed environment of Muslim women
and contributed to saving many lives. As a result, the
number of people who turned to female doctors
increased can be seen in the statistical numbers of
1887-1893: 8325 in 1887 [19], 8390 in 1889 [20], 10284 in
1890 [21], 11965 in 1892 [22], 13633 in 1893 [23].
Inpatient treatment in existing outpatient clinics in the
region was paid and they always operated with profit.
For example, in 1911, the daily inpatient treatment of
patients in Khojand city cost 30-45 kopecks, and the
income of the outpatient clinic was 2,217 rubles 23
kopecks, and its expenses were 2,062 rubles 19
kopecks [24].
The system of providing different meals to patients on
different days of the week has been introduced in all
the above-mentioned hospitals. In particular, in 1910,
Oratepa city hospital received 32-37 kopecks per
person per day for food (rice, mushkorda, roast,
mastava, soup, shalva, pilaf), 26-30 kopecks in Oratepa
regional hospital, and 30 kopecks in Dahbed regional
hospital. and 30 kopecks were spent at Panjikent
village medical station[24]. At that time, there was a
difference between the prices of daily treatment in
rural and urban hospitals, it was expensive in the city
and cheap in the countryside. In particular, in 1911, the
cost of daily treatment for each patient in Oratepa was
30 kopecks in a rural hospital and 45 kopecks in a city
hospital [24].
These prices are determined based on the prices of
products at that time. In particular, in 1910, 1 pound of
mutton cost 18 kopecks in Jomboy market in Dahbed
district, 35 kopecks in January 1911, 20 kopecks in April,
and beef was much cheaper at 12 kopecks[24]. In
Dahbed, the difference between the prices was due to
the fact that cattle are slaughtered once a week and
sheep are slaughtered daily. These expenses are
covered by patient fees and hospital expenses, and it
can be observed that income always exceeds
expenses.
In particular, in 1910, the Mitan rural hospital took 2
rubles 10 kopecks for the 7-day inpatient treatment of
the patient Yuzbal Rahmonkulov, and spent 2 rubles 10
kopecks on the food supply of all patients. In that year,
the hospital’s medical expenses a
nd household
expenses amounted to 5283 rubles 75 kopecks [24],
For the half-year of 1911, the Zomin district hospital
earned 332 rubles 75 kopecks and spent 218 rubles (114
rubles 75 kopecks remained on hand), the Oratepa
rural medical district earned 2854 rubles and spent 2561
rubles, the Urgut village hospital earned 2366 rubles 59
kopecks and 2239 Ruble 83 kopecks cost, Panzhikent
rural hospital earned 1622 Rubles 2 kopecks and cost
1565 Rubles 33 kopecks [24].
The military, the mainstay of the Russian Empire,
received free medical treatment at the expense of the
state. For example, in the 1913 list of the General
Intendant's Office, it is mentioned that 1 from the 2nd
Turkestan rifle regiment, 1 from the 3rd Turkestan rifle
regiment, 2 from the artillery division, a total of 4 low-
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
37
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ranking soldiers were treated free of charge in military
hospitals [25]. Also, free medical services are provided
to soldiers of the military unit at the expense of the
Intendant in public hospitals. For example, 4 soldiers
who applied to the reception department of the
Oratepa city hospital in 1913 were treated for 59 days,
3 of them recovered and 1 died. At that time, the daily
fee was 50 kopecks for one patient [25]. If we pay
attention to the social composition of the patients,
most of them were representatives of the
administration of the empire and their family
members, and a few were representatives of the local
population. In particular, 5 of the 57 patients treated in
the local infirmary of Samarkand in 1913 were
representatives of the local population [26].
Uezd doctors, in addition to treatment of the
population,
also
performed
forensic
medical
examination services. In particular, in 1889, district and
city doctors of the region performed medical
examination of 106 corpses[27]. Also, in 1902, it was
determined that the duties of uezd doctors in Syrdarya,
Samarkand and Fergana regions should be to lead
forensic and medical-police units [28].
In 1914, the number of acts of forensic examination in
the region was 603, and in terms of regions it was as
follows: 172 in Samarkand uezd, 247 in Kattakorgan
uezd, 43 in Jizzakh uezd and 141 in Khojand uezd [29].
From these figures it can be seen that by 1914 the
number of medical acts had increased almost 6 times
compared to 1889.
Sanitation. District and city doctors are responsible for
providing medical assistance to the population,
sanitary control in the regions and other tasks in
addition to forensic examination.
The rural population of the region, especially the
nomadic population, was inevitably left to themselves
with sanitary matters, as the number of civilian doctors
and police officers was insufficient, and the high
political administration of the country had almost no
opportunity to monitor the sanitary situation outside
the cities [30].
Measures were taken by the Empire to prevent the
spread of various infectious diseases through drinking
water in urban areas. In particular, the Inspector
General of the Medical Department of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs sent circular No. 1513 to the governors
on November 4, 1910, asking them to fill out and submit
a registration card (consisting of 52 questions) by
March 1, 1911, to find out about the sanitary conditions
in the empire. It is intended to obtain accurate and
complete information on the level of provision of
drinking water to the population and the elimination of
areas with unfit for drinking water [31].
A medical and sanitary procedure was introduced by
the Empire for those crossing the country's border. In
particular, according to the order of the Governor-
General of Turkestan No. 174 dated July 5, 1903, in the
temporary rule established for Muslim pilgrims, it is
mandatory for pilgrims going to Hajj to pass medical
and sanitary inspection at ports (Caspian and Black Sea
ports) and border points, and to put a mark on the pass
in their passport when returning. was set. Muslims who
want to enter from abroad can pass through port and
border points and medical and sanitary control only
with the permission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
of the Empire [32].
Vaccination measures. With the development of
infectious diseases in the country, district and military
doctors were sent to these areas by the relevant
agencies to eradicate the infection, provide medical
assistance to the sick population, and take appropriate
measures, including drugs, disinfectants, and
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
38
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
paramedics with the necessary funds and were
provided in sufficient quantities.
In order to protect the population from various
infectious diseases and prevent the spread of
epidemics, vaccination measures have been carried
out.
Local vaccinators in the region were trained by uezd
and city doctors, and they received up to 15 rubles per
month from city and zemstvo funds. In addition, they
are exempted from various obligations. In addition to
local vaccinators, paramedics and sometimes district
and city doctors themselves were involved in
vaccination [33].
CONCLUSION
In the second half of the 19th century - the beginning
of the 20th century, the social structure of the
population of Samarkand region changed, new strata
appeared, the population increased, and new
nationalities immigrated. Due to changes in the
political administration, economic and cultural life,
there were changes in the stratification of the
population, and age-old values were changed and
adapted to the interests of the empire. Even though a
modern medical service system was established during
this period, the local population preferred to turn to
healers rather than have access to modern medical
advances.
REFERENCES
1.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-22, List 1,
Case 3, Sheet 18.
2.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-5, list 1,
case 18, sheet 3.
3.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-5, List 1,
Case 18, Sheet 26.
4.
Kostenko L.F. Journey to Bukhara of the
Russian mission in 1870. - St. Petersburg, 1871. -
P. 20.
5.
Arandarenko G.A. Leisure in Turkestan 1874-
1889. - St. Petersburg: Type. MM. Stasyudevich,
1889. - P. 45.
6.
Report of the Auditor, by the Highest
Command, Turkestan Territory, Privy Councilor
Girs. - St. Petersburg, 1884. - P. 158-160.
7.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 11,
case 616, sheet 4.
8.
The highest approved Regulations on the
administrations of the Turkestan region on
June 12, 1886. - St. Petersburg, 1888. - P. 322.
9.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, List 1,
Case 11303, Sheet 62.
10.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1887. -
Samarkand, 1888. - P. 19-20; Overview of the
Samarkand region for 1890. - Samarkand, 1892.
- P. 35; Overview of the Samarkand region for
1893. - Samarkand, 1894. - P. 87; Overview of
the Samarkand region for 1898. - Samarkand,
1900. - P. 68-69; Overview of the Samarkand
region for 1904. - Samarkand, 1905. - P. 87-88;
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1910. -
Samarkand, 1912. - P. 60-62.
11.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 12,
case 1877, sheet 59.
12.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, List 10,
Case 2067, Sheet 129.
13.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 11,
case 616, sheet 24.
14.
Reference book of the Samarkand region for
1902. Issue. VII. - Samarkand: Printing house
“Partnership”, 1902.
- Samarkand, 1902. - P. 163.
15.
On the issue of strengthening medical care in
the region. Turkestanskiye Vedomosti.1914, №
100.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
39
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
32-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
16.
Instructions on the procedure for the
performance of duties by district doctors and
other employees in the rural medical unit in the
indigenous regions of the Turkestan region and
in the medical part of the Semirechensk region
// “Turkestan Vedomosti”
1907 No. 170.
17.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, List 1,
Case 11349, Sheet 113.
18.
Turkestan native newspaper. 1886. No. 11;
Turkestanskaya Vedomosti. 1886. №.12.
19.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1887. -
Samarkand, 1888. - P. 20.
20.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1889. -
Samarkand, 1891. - P. 28.
21.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1890. -
Samarkand, 1892. - P. 35.
22.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1892. -
Samarkand, 1892. - P. 107.
23.
Overview of the Samarkand region for 1893. -
Samarkand, 1894. - P. 87.
24.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, list 1,
case 11303, sheets 38-48.
25.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, List 1,
Case 11349, Sheets 105-111.
26.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, list 1,
case 11349, sheet 72.
27.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, List 11,
Case 616, Sheet 44.
28.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 27,
case 589, sheet 2.
29.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 12,
case 1877, sheet 62.
30.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 11,
case 616, sheet 17.
31.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-18, List 1,
Case 11291, Sheets 100-102.
32.
Regulations on the administration of the
Turkestan region. - Tashkent: Type-Lithography
V.M. Ilyin, - 1903. Application.
–
P. 199-200.
33.
National archive of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, list 11,
case 2067, sheets 133-134.
