Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
26
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
From the very first days when the Soviet state established its rule in Central Asia, it tried to maintain its dominance in
state and social management and to strengthen its position by mobilizing all the possibilities. Especially in the process
of training necessary employees for state administration from representatives of the local nationality, the main
attention was paid to the issue of political maturity of the personnel being trained. Selection of students for the
educational institution did not take into account their knowledge and potential, but above all, the social origin, political
level, and consciousness of the candidates, and the questions as they conformed to the party or not prevailed. The
issue of ideological training of the graduates was given great importance, and their professional potential and
professional qualifications were relegated to the next place. Every graduate had to become a loyal soldier, a reliable
defender of party ideas. We can consider the specific one-sided policy implemented in educational institutions in the
example of personnel training in the late 1920s and early 1930s as an example of the Central Asian Technical College
of Law.
KEYWORDS
Administrative-command system, communist party, ideology, Central Asian Law Technical School, justice, court,
prosecutor's office, teacher, listener, law specialist, short-term course.
INTRODUCTION
Courses under the Central Executive Council and the
People's Commissariat of Justice in order to
strengthen
the
training
of
lawyers
from
representatives of the local nationalities at the national
level were transformed into the Central Asian Technical
College of Law by the Council of People's Commissars
of Uzbekistan on September 8, 1928[1]. In contrast to
the law course, the training period in the technical
Research Article
REGARDING THE TRAINING OF JURIDICAL PERSONNEL IN THE SOVIET
ERA (AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN
TECHNICAL SCHOOL OF LAW, 1929-1930)
Submission Date:
July 10, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 15, 2023,
Published Date:
July 20, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue07-06
Ilyas Abdijabborovich Kholboev
Independent Researcher Of Uzbekistan National University Named After Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
27
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
school was planned to be 4 years, 1 year of training on
general subjects and 3 years of training on special
subjects related to the specialty. However, it was also
envisaged that 2 years would be allocated for
mastering general subjects depending on the level of
knowledge of the students to be admitted[2].
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
By establishing this educational institution, the Soviet
authorities planned to train specialists of local
nationalities for the socio-economic life, justice and
prosecutor's offices of Central Asian republics.
Therefore, 62% of the 200 people to be admitted in the
1928-1929 academic year were from Uzbekistan and
Tajikistan, 28% from Kazakhstan and Karakalpakstan,
and 10% from Kyrgyzstan as listeners[3]. It was also
decided that 140 more people would be admitted to
two training groups. It should be noted here that this
educational institution was the only educational
institution opened to positively solve the problem of
personnel insufficiency in the courts and prosecutor's
offices of the Central Asian republics, especially the
shortage of experts from local nationalities. Because
during this period, although the training of lawyers was
started at the Faculty of Sociology of the State
University of Central Asia (now the National University
of Uzbekistan), but for certain reasons, not a single
graduate from representatives of the local nationality
was produced. In the historical document related to
the activities of the technical school, on November 23,
1929, the director of the Central Asian Legal Technical
School, Tursunkhodjaev Muborakhodja, and the
People's Commissariat of Education of the Kyrgyz
ASSR, Vladimir Alexandrovich Vinogradov, the
permanent representative of the Kyrgyz ASSR in
Central Asia, mentioned that an agreement was signed
on the training of 21 people sent to the technical school
from the Kyrgyz ASSR for one year of the period.
According to this document, the Central Asian
Technical School of Law undertook to "provide 21
Kyrgyz students with textbooks, study guides, meals
from a common pot or student kitchen, summer and
winter clothes, and a dormitory, and also to provide 21
students with 10 soums per month for their small
expenses"[4]. The Kyrgyz Education Commissariat
undertook to transfer 16,800 soums for one-year
education of 21 students, 800 soums for each student,
to the account of the technical school.
Since the establishment of the Technical College, the
Council of People's Commissars of the Republic and
the Council of People's Commissars of Justice did not
pay enough attention to the activities of this
educational institution, so this institution started its
activities with many difficulties. When accepting
trainees for the technical school, the Communist Party
gave strict instructions on the selection of trainees
based on its political demands. In particular, in one of
the given instructions, the followings were mentioned
"...a/. in the upcoming admission process, the
admissions commission should select the listeners at
an excellent level, especially, the main attention should
be paid to their class affiliation; b/. to constantly
"cleanse" students of social and ideological foreign
elements"[5]. The main purpose of the Soviet
leadership issuing such instructions was to artificially
bring the representatives of the working class and the
peasantry closer to the society and state management
based on their social origin, especially to directly use
their part incapable of free thinking in the
implementation of administrative-command-based
management. Because, in the eyes of the communist
party, the representatives of the above class should be
considered as the main decision-making force of
political changes implemented by the party in the life
of the society. The Communist Party, which strongly
adhered to the theory of class, gave strict instructions
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
28
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
to expand the ranks of the Communists by conducting
various political-ideological activities among the
trainees during the study period[6]. Along with this,
the party promoted communistic requirements when
selecting the teachers who were going to teach the
listeners of technical school and emphasizes their
“being ideologically loyal and skillful” to be important.
The following requirements were the main criteria
when accepting documents to the technical school:
first of all, "workers and peasants, poor peasants and
their children, members of the Communist Party and
the Komsomol organization... the political structure of
the Red Army, Navy and USPD employees, and their
children"[7] had to undergo a "political examination"
by local party organizations and be sent to study. In the
second place, "children of hard-working intellectuals,
clerks, craftsmen"[8] acceptance was determined. The
People's Commissariat of Justice sent a circular letter
No. 95 to district courts and prosecutors on August 1,
1930, informing about the admission of the technical
school in the 1930-1931 academic years. In the content
of the letter, "the People's Commissariat of Justice
paid special attention to the need to carefully sort the
trainees by class, to select people whose social origin,
class ideology, behavior and conscientiousness were
suitable for the performance of the duties assigned to
justice officials for the technical school"[9] as the main
conditions of the upcoming admission process.
The term of study at the technical school was 3 years,
except for the preparatory course, and the applicant
had to be between 18 and 28 years old and had to
"know how to read and write, be able to perform four
arithmetic operations and social studies"[10]. Even
after the trainees were admitted to the technical
school, the occurrence of various problems had a
negative impact on the start of the training process
within the specified period. The fact that the Technical
College did not have its own separate building, and the
lack of classrooms for classes made the conditions in
the institution even worse. The presence of some
inconveniences, such as the above, in the late-started
educational processes had a direct impact on the
decrease in the rate of study in the technical school.
For example, after a number of practical efforts, the
training process at the technical school began on
October 1, 1930, but not long after that, on October 14,
the training at the technical school was stopped, and
all trainees were mobilized for harvesting to collect
raw cotton[11]. As a result, students were not able to
continue classes at the technical school until December
1. It was mentioned that "insufficiency of teachers" in
educational processes at the technical school even
when training sessions began[12] and that the issue of
teachers in the main specialty subjects was in a difficult
situation. The fact that existing teachers often did not
come to classes made the situation more and more
difficult. One of the main problems was the absence of
manuals and textbooks for many subjects in this
educational institution, which was mainly intended to
train lawyers from representatives of the local
nationality, and the worst was "the lack of a textbook
in Uzbek for jurisprudence"[13] did not allow quality
organization of the educational process. In addition,
due to the fact that higher organizations were
neglecting the activities of the technical school, and
due to the fact that the general leadership was not
properly established, the educational work in this
educational institution was not organized at the
required level. In the academic year 1929-1930, when
the educational activities of the technical school were
inspected, it was found that and noted in the
inspector’s report that "the People's Commissariat of
Justice did not control the implementation of the
curriculum, preparations for the 1931-1932 academic
year were in an unsatisfactory state, that is, there was
no curriculum and program, there were no teachers of
special subjects, 20% of students were studying in the
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
29
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
same course for 2 years, the teacher of Uzbek changed
5 times, the teacher of citizenship law changed 5 times,
the teacher on the history of class struggle changed 6
times, at the same time there was no permanent
director"[14]. In particular, the absence of a
permanent, strict leader in the life of the technical
school or the frequent departure of the management
on business trips with various tasks and orders from
higher organizations had a direct negative impact on
the educational process. As a result of the lack of
appointment of a suitable, experienced, and capable
head of the technical school, "the director of the
technical school was changed 5 times in 8 months"[15].
The situation reached such a level that Dadakhan
Turdiev, who was a student of the educational
institution, performed the duties of director for a
certain period of time while studying at the technical
school[16]. Although one of the main problems was
the lack of knowledgeable and qualified specialist
teachers in the country of education, there were "class
and ideological alien elements" among the
teachers[17] mentioned in one of the sources. In the
same source, according to the general evaluation of
the teachers working in the institution of learning, it
was highlighted that "the issue of teachers was in a
tragic situation, there were no qualified specialist
teachers in the technical school"[18]. In another source
about the activities of the technical school, it was
mentioned that the management of the technical
school allows political shortcomings even in the
formation of the teaching staff, and the opinion was
expressed that "the directorate of the technical school
accepted social aliens, despite having the opportunity
to choose teachers from communists"[19]. In the next
place, the above ideas were continued and a
suggestion was made regarding the teaching team,
"revision of the teaching staff, elimination of social
alien elements and communistization of the teaching
staff"[20]. Due to the existence of such various
problems in the organization of the educational
institution in the life of the educational institution, the
lessons specified in the curriculum were performed to
58.8% in the 1930-1931 academic year[21] and
performed to 64% in the academic year 1931-32[22].
The fact that the People's Commissariat of Justice did
not pay enough attention to the work of the technical
school, the lack of mutual solidarity among the team
members of the institution had a negative impact on
the general situation. On January 8, 1932,
Tursunmukhamedov, who studied the activities of the
technical school, wrote to the People's Commissariat
of Justice about this, citing a number of shortcomings
and at the end of the document, he stated "if the
situation is not changed, the life of the technical school
may remain in a bad state"[23]. The director of the
technical school S. Ibragimov in his report to the
commissariat on March 13, 1932, cited a number of
problems related to educational and organizational
affairs and the life of the technical school, asking the
management to be given instructions to "improve the
situation at the technical school"[24].
In the late 1920s, the general "cleansing" of the
country's administration by the ruling party in the law
enforcement system put the activity of this sector in a
very vulnerable situation. As a result of these
"cleansing"s, filling the place of that dismissed
unreliable employees with ideologically reliable
specialists was carried out. For this reason, as in other
courses and educational institutions, according to the
requirements of the existing conditions, the students
of the Central Asian Technical School of Law were sent
to work in the Soviet government offices before the
end of their studies. 16 people from the same
graduates[25] received a license to operate in the
judicial system On January 5, 1932. According to the
source, all of these graduates, who were
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
30
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
representatives of the local nation, were members of
the party and the Komsomol organization, and were
members of poor families of poor social origin. We can
witness to the above mentioned picture in the group
of 14 people who got a license on April 1, 1932[26], the
group of 20 people[27] on May 1. In addition, many
ideologically trained legal experts were constantly sent
to various regions of the republic to protect the
communist legislation and strengthen the interests of
the Soviet state by the 2-month "retraining of judicial
officers" courses and "top-down" courses organized
by the technical school.
By general analysis of the data about the students who
studied at the Central Asian Law Technical College
during these years, we can get a certain idea about the
essence of the unilateral policy carried out by the
Soviet state[28]. If we pay attention to the information
in the given table, we can see that the majority of the
students gathered from representatives of the local
nation were members of the party and the Komsomol
organization. Even if we approach the formation of
students from a social point of view, we can observe
that most of them belong to the class of workers and
peasants.
CONCLUSION
The Soviet state, in training specialists in various fields,
focused on the political preparation of graduates, on
the issue of forming supporters of the policies carried
out by the Communist Party. For this reason, efforts
were made to accept students to the educational
center and to carry out educational activities without
deviating from the main goals. In the organization of
educational work, creation of science programs, the
structure of the composition of teachers and
pedagogues, party requirements were strictly
observed, since the party could carry out its violent,
administrative-command-based policy towards the
common people only through its representatives who
diligently serve it.
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1.
CSA of R.Uz, Fund 360, List 1, Volume 95, Sheet
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2.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 83,
sheet 14.
3.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 360, list 1, collection 80,
sheet 6.
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CSA of R.Uz, fund 360, list 1, collection 94,
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5.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 1, collection 227,
sheet 163.
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CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 1, collection 227,
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CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 7, collection 265,
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8.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 7, collection 265,
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CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 7, collection 347,
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CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 7, collection 347,
sheet 45.
11.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
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12.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
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13.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
page 38.
14.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
page 172.
15.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
sheet 172, fund 95, list 7, collection 917, sheet
152.
16.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 1710, list 10, collection 2315,
sheet 61.
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
31
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
26-31
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
17.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
page 110.
18.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
page 110.
19.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 95, list 7, collection 917, page
152.
20.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 95, list 7, collection 917, sheet
153.
21.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 904, list 9, collection 79,
sheet 172, fund 95, list 7, collection 917, sheet
152.
22.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 95, list 2, collection 815, sheet
24.
23.
CSA of R.Uz, fund 95, list 2, collection 815, sheet
25.
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sheets 4,5,7,8.
