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ABSTRACT
The primary objective of this study is to explore the speeches made by well-known political figure in Pakistan, Mr.
Imran Khan, following his removal on April 10, 2022. The research explores the persuasiveness of Khan's speeches,
spurred on by his considerable influence, especially among young people. The context of Fairclough's 3D model was
used to analyze five carefully selected speeches that were given between June 19, 2022, and March 25, 2023. After
being translated from Urdu into English, the speeches were examined. Using the 3D model required close examination
of the discourse practices, text, and sociocultural background in order to reveal the complex relationships between
Research Article
ANALYZING IMRAN KHAN’S POST
-PREMIERSHIP SPEECHES: A CRITICAL
DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE
Submission Date:
July 05, 2024,
Accepted Date:
July 10, 2024,
Published Date:
July 15, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue07-05
Hira Munir
Institute of language and literature, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Dr Umer ud din
Institute of language and literature, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Iffat Sultana
School of language and literature, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore,
Pakistan
Anam Ikhtiar
Institute of language and literature, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Beenish Anwar
School of language and literature, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore,
Pakistan
Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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language, power, and sociopolitical setting in Pakistan. The analysis shows how skillfully Khan uses rhetorical elements
like irony, satire, and intertextuality to address important topics, advocate for change, and raise social consciousness.
These findings shed light on wider issues of public opinion, government, and social standards in addition to helping to
comprehend Khan's communication tactics. This research sets the stage for future discussions on discourse analysis,
political communication dynamics, and the role of language in shaping political discourse, ultimately enhancing our
understanding of modern political dialogue in Pakistan
KEYWORDS
CDA, Fairclough’s 3D model, Linguistic, Socio
-political.
INTRODUCTION
Text is any passage, which is in written form,
comprehensive, and can be explained concerning the
background discussed in it. On the political level, the
textual words are quite different from that of social
views. The principal part of a book exclusive of front
and back matter.
According to Arnold, a text is a spoken communication
that expresses ideas from literature or history along
with design, figurative, emotive, and evaluative details.
The ideological and artistic elements of the text are
combined to make a coherent, intricate whole. Arnold
concentrates on the text's informative aspect,
presenting it as a collection of well-organized parts of
various kinds that are combined to form a
sophisticated whole connected by a single concept.
Discourse is something, which can be perceived and
understood. It may be in oral and written forms; both
are meant to convey the message may be to the public
or some reader; it is dependent upon the audience. In
linguistics, discourse is studied as a separate subject for
the sake of analyzing different sort of speeches,
documentaries, and other such works. An extended
communication (often interactive) dealing with some
particular topic. (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.) Language is
perceived on different levels by people depending on
their social concerns, interaction with individuals and
grouping. A discourse depends on power, societal
backgrounds, and individual status in society.
According to Titscher et al. (2000), p. 42, discourse is a
broad term with multiple definitions that "integrates a
whole selection of meanings," encompassing a wide
range of academic fields including sociology,
philosophy, and linguistics. The phrase refers to "the
whole process of interaction of which a text is just a
part," according to Fairclough (1989) (Fairclough, 1989,
p.24). Discourses are pervasive modes of experiencing
the world in which one uses words to express oneself.
Discourses can be employed for resistance and
critique, as well as for the assertion of knowledge and
power. Texts reflecting social life can be described,
interpreted, analyzed, and critiqued using Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA). The goal of CDA is to
methodically investigate the connections between
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broader social and cultural structures, relationships,
and processes and discursive practices, texts, and
events.
Comprehensive
investigations
and
explanations of language's materiality are elements
that consistently define CDA. In an effort to encourage
individuals to take proactive measures, it highlights
power disparities, social inequalities, nondemocratic
practices, and other injustices while attempting to
investigate how these opaque linkages contribute to
the maintenance of hegemony and power (Fairclough,
1992). It makes an effort to shed light on how a
society's dominating forces create perceptions of
reality that serve their own agendas. Accordingly, CDA
may theoretically close the gap between macro and
micro approaches
—
a distinction that is in and of itself
a sociological construct (Van Dijk, 2003, p. 354).
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) studies discourse by
considering language as a social practice. CDA aims at
changing the existing reality in some particular
contexts; it does so by combining the different
aspects, critique of discourse and how it helps in
creating the social reality. In this field of study, scholars
claim that social and linguistic practices are constituted
to highlight how societal power concerns are
maintained and reinforced through the use of
language. Therefore, this field differs from Discourse
Analysis. The points discussed in this field are
manipulation, exploitation and inequalities in
structures in the domains of education, media and
politics.
According to Van Dijk (2004), Critical Discourse
Analysis is the type of Discourse Analysis research that
primarily studies the way social power is abused,
dominated, inequality is enacted, reproduced, and
resisted by text and speech in social and political
contexts. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a growing
interdisciplinary research movement which is
composed of multiple distinct theoretical and
methodological approaches to the study of language
(Johnson & McLean, 2020). The activities that are
concerned with making decisions on an individual level
as well as in the form of groups come under the domain
of politics. Whereas political power, power abuse, and
dominance are studied in political discourse analysis. It
discusses the domains of political discourse by
studying grammar style systematic organization and
speech acts. Politics creates the ideology of people and
this all is further enhanced through political discourse
analysis.
Nonetheless, communication has a critical role in
human life. It comprises speeches, text imaginative
writings etc. Socio-cultural codes and norms are
transferred through language. Every aspect of life
exists in language. Influential people especially
religious scholars or political leaders use the language
to make people their submissive followers. Linguists
for the first time challenged the rhetorical tools of
language used for man’s exploitation, exploring the
underlying tools of language as well as the
embellishing tools of language. Sometimes people
intentionally create the situation, sometimes listeners
grasp the outward messages, or sometimes people
remain unable to understand the real intention of
speakers. Pakistan is a democratic country and
democracy depends on persuasive and influential
speeches. However, these speeches may comprise the
real world or just an illusionary one. Such problems are
increasing over time. This very point brought me to the
idea of doing research on political speeches. For this
purpose, I have selected one of the renowned
politicians Mr. Imran Khan due to his significant
performance in the field. He has come up with such an
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ideology that most of the time youth is enthralled by
his ideas. He faced a sudden jerk on 10th April 2022
when he lost the chair.
1.1 Research Objective
This study aims at exploring the ideological
interpolation of l
anguage, particularly Imran Khan’s
speeches. It might also investigate the abstract
concepts such as patriotism, honesty, loyalty,
corruption etc. used as the manipulating tools in his
speeches. Moreover, it aims to make people familiar
with the reality of these concepts and deliver
strategies for these concepts in an effective manner.
Imran Khan launched a slogan, New Pakistan, and he
still uses it in his speeches. This research intends to
manifest the reality of this slogan as well as how it still
is affecting the people. The present study aims to do a
discourse analysis of the speeches of Imran Khan
delivered after his premiership. Imran Khan is one of
the leading political personalities of Pakistan. He came
into politics with a new vision and ideas. His vision was
that of creating Naya Pakistan. After his tenure of
premiership which ended in April 2022. He is still trying
to stimulate the public through his thrilling words and
speeches and this research is meant to highlight the
significance and strength of the words spoken by him
indeed after losing the chair. Consequently, the
purpose of this research is to explore the significance
of his words in a real sense. Following objectives are
formulated for this research.
•
To explore the role of Imran Khan’s
Speeches
in creating socio-political awareness.
•
To explore the main agenda of Imran Khan’s
speeches.
•
To explore the linguistic aspects used by Imran
Khan while making the speeches.
1.2 Research Questions
This research intends to answer the below questions:
•
What role do Imran Khan’s speeches play in
creating socio-political awareness?
•
What is the main agenda of Imran Khan’s
speeches?
•
What sort of linguistic aspects are used by
Imran Khan while making the speeches?
1.3 Limitations of the study
The present study is limited to only on political
personality of Imran Khan. This study only contains the
speeches made after the premiership. The reason for
working on these speeches is to get familiar with the
words of Imran Khan who still has an impact indeed he
has lost the chair.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchers examined multiple speeches given by
Imran Khan, using various types of discourse analysis
to critique his rhetoric. As, Asia Nusrat examined Imran
Khan's discourse on power in his statements given
during the Dharna protests. Her research is significant
because it advances public knowledge by helping the
people of Pakistan understand how their leader uses
language to assert control. The methodology
employed by Nusrat comprised thematic analysis, with
Fairclough's three-dimensional model (1989) serving as
a tool for data analysis. Key findings from an analysis of
speech at the textual, discursive, and societal levels
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emphasized the tactical use of pronouns like "I" to
establish authority and "we" to win over the audience.
Chilton (2004) asserts that there is a strong connection
between language and political activity. Developing
comprehension skills in political discourses at the
international level is crucial for interpreting diplomatic
conflicts. Taiwo (2009) states that language can serve
as a tool for gaining authority and dominance. An
inspiring speech can capture the audience's mind,
motivating them to be convinced, argue, or even
revolt. According to Ghilzai et al. (2018), Imran Khan, a
well-known former cricketer and chairman of PTI (a
Pakistani political party), effectively uses both Urdu
and English in his speeches to establish his ideas.
Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) also observe that
language and society are deeply interconnected, with
politicians, writers, and journalists using language in
social contexts to communicate their ideologies to
targeted audiences. Consequently, politicians use
language to persuade listeners or readers of their
positions, often expressing different ideological beliefs
in diverse ways and manners (Ghannam, 2011;
Mahmood et al. 2011).
Shamaila Amir, Hazhar Ramadhan Ahmed, and Fayyaz
Ahmad (2020) examined Imran Khan's September 27,
2019, UN General Assembly speech regarding
Islamophobia in a different study. The sorts, overlaps,
and direct and indirect forms of the speech actions
used by Khan were examined in this study (Amir,
Ahmed, & Ahmad, Year). The researchers used the
Speech Act theory proposed by Austin and Searle as
their analytical framework, applying both qualitative
and quantitative analyses (Amir, Ahmed, & Ahmad,
2020). According to their results, Khan primarily used
expressive and representative acts in his speech,
however there were also some noteworthy instances
of direct speaking (Amir, Ahmed, & Ahmad, 2020). The
study's conclusion emphasized how Khan's discussion
of Islamophobia was factual, educational, and
encouraging (Amir, Ahmed, & Ahmad, 2020).
Another study Khalil et. al (2017) investigates the subtle
language manipulation techniques that political
leaders might employ to spread their ideologies. The
speech given by Imran Khan, the chairman of Pakistan
Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), a significant political party in
Pakistan, from Shaukat Khanum Hospital two days
prior to the 2013 general elections is the subject of this
paper's critical analysis. The scholars have endeavored
to elucidate the ideologies that underpinned the
discourse presented. The use of various linguistic
instruments to project or accomplish political power or
goals has been studied. The selected speech was
analyzed qualitatively using Fairclough's analytical
framework proposed in 1995, as well as other tools
such as referential strategies, repetition, word choice,
positive self-representation, and negative other
representation, to investigate how specific words and
phrases have the power to transform people's
perceptions and political views.
It was discovered that political language is frequently
purposefully constructed to project particular ideas,
which are invariably found subtly throughout the
discourse. Furthermore, politicians use certain
language techniques to influence people to support
their covert objectives. One could argue that in order
to make political discourse easier for the general
public, it is necessary to investigate the codes and
symbols used in it.
In addition, Hussain, Shahwar, and Basit (2020)
examined the speech acts used in Imran Khan's
inaugural address as Pakistan's prime minister on July
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26, 2018. The purpose of the paper was to categorize
the speech acts that Khan employed, look at how
frequently these actions overlapped, and make the
distinction between direct and indirect speech acts.
According to their research, out of 100% of the data,
Khan's speech had representative acts (27.083%),
expressive acts (1.041%), declarative acts (7.291%),
directive acts (25%), and commissive acts (39.583%).
Finally, a study by Samina Bashir, Dr. Ammara Farukh,
and Maria Khursheed examines an interview with
Imran Khan concerning the purported operation to
overthrow the current government and political unrest
in Pakistan. This study spans the months of October
2022 through December 2022, even though its primary
focus is on speeches made by Imran Khan following his
removal (Bashir, Farukh, & Khursheed, 2020).
Ashraf (2022) delves into the intricate role of language
in political discourse through an analysis of the
speeches given by Mr. Imran Khan, the former Prime
Minister of Pakistan. The goal of the study is to
comprehend how Khan's linguistic decisions affect
people's views and opinions both domestically and
globally. Using Fairclough's three-dimensional Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach, the research looks
at the rhetorical devices, linguistic subtleties, and
discursive patterns that Khan used when he was
leading. The goal of the study is to understand how
language is used to express political authority,
persuade audiences, and transmit ideological positions
by closely examining Khan's spoken discourse. Ashraf
sheds light on Khan's leadership style and political
landscape savvy through this qualitative analysis,
emphasizing the ways in which linguistic decisions can
affect public opinion.
Nusrat (2020) investigates the power dynamics
embedded within Imran Khan's speeches during the
2014 Dharna protests. The study, which is based on
Fairclough's 2003 theoretical framework, looks at two
aspects of power: the power that lies behind and
within discourse. This qualitative study is important
because it helps the Pakistani people understand their
leader from the perspective of language and power.
Using Fairclough's three-dimensional model (1989),
the research applies thematic analysis to analyze the
speeches from a textual, discursive, and sociological
perspective. Results show that Khan deliberately
employed pronouns like "I" to demonstrate his
authority over governmental authorities and "we" to
win over the populace. Furthermore, speech
techniques and modal verbs emphasized the perceived
unfairness of the government's rule. Additionally, the
lectures included talks about the impact of Islam and
Western nations, highlighting the larger geopolitical
factors
driving
Khan's
speech
during
the
demonstrations.
METHODOLOGY
Many approaches are used in the field of Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA), but the 3D model described
by Norman Fairclough is the focus of this study. Imran
Khan uses illuminating the complex relationship
between language, ideology, and power in his
speeches.
The goal of this study is to examine five speeches that
Imran Khan gave on various occasions. Consequently,
the study is qualitative in nature. The researcher
adheres to the three-dimensional Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) model proposed by Fairclough. With the
help of analytical tools offered by Fairclough’s 3d
model, “description, interpretation and explanation
and a variety of other tools that are offered by CDA”,
such as the choice of diction as well as the number of
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their repetition and the way they assert power,
persuasive and referential strategies including the
positive self-presentation and negative other-
presentation. The researcher focuses on the many
linguistic and rhetorical methods that Imran Khan
employed in an effort to expose the hidden ideologies
and meanings that are purposefully used in the text
that is provided.
3.1 Fairclough 3 Dimensional Model
It is commonly known that Fairclough (1989) made
significant contributions to the area of Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA), most notably by creating the
thorough theoretical framework that forms the basis
of CDA. His paradigm is frequently seen as essential to
the field of CDA as a whole. The primary goal of this
strategy, according to Fairclough, is "a contribution to
the overall nurturing of realization of manipulative
social relations, by mainly focusing on language" (1989,
p. 4). His later work (Chuliaraki and Fairclough, 1999;
Fairclough, 1992, 1993, 1995) further developed and
built upon this basic goal, establishing it as a
comprehensive framework for CDA.
According to Fairclough (1995, p. 57; Churiaraki &
Fairclough 1999, p. 113), the three components of his
model are "Text (any text written or spoken),
Discourse Practice (the process of production or
consumption), and Sociocultural Practice (the
sociocultural event which gives rise to such
communicative events)." These dimensions are all
interrelated and aid in the explanation of related
analytical techniques. Three distinct types of analysis,
which are prerequisites for these three processes, are;
▪
Text Analysis (description)
▪
Processing Analysis (interpretation)
▪
Social Analysis (explanation)
To clarify and emphasize the linkages in various
dimensions, the best way to present this framework is
diagrammatically.
Figure 1: Fairclough’s 3D Model
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3.2 Data Collection
This study's primary data came from a variety of media
sources, such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and
Twitter. The recordings and uploads of Imran Khan's
addresses by different news stations on these
platforms were carefully listened to, and after being
translated into English, research-relevant portions
were selected for study. Throughout this process,
ethical considerations were scrupulously followed to
make sure that copyrights were not broken.
3.3 Imran Khan's Speeches Using Fairclough's 3D
Model
3.3.1 Analysis of First Dimension
The first dimension, as per Norman Fairclough's
approach, is textual analysis. This study examines
Imran Khan's talks, exploring a range of textual
elements including irony, satire, comedy, mockery, and
invectives. Metaphor, simile, and proverbs are among
the other elements that are examined. To provide a
thorough understanding of the text, the research also
examines how rhetoric and propaganda are used in the
speeches.
Figure 2: Textual Analysis of Imran Khan's Speeches
3.3.2 Analysis of Second Dimension
According
to
Fairclough's
paradigm,
text
interpretation makes up the second dimension.
Interpretation is accomplished in this work by
examining the intertextuality Imran Khan uses in his
remarks. Through an analysis of citations, allusions,
and linkages to other writings, this study clarifies the
more profound levels of meaning that are present in
Khan's speeches.
3.3.3 Analysis of Third Dimension
The third step in the research methodology used for
this analysis is social analysis, which aims to provide an
explanation for the text. In this analysis, the power and
dominance dynamics present in Imran Khan's talks are
exposed. By doing this analysis, the speech's content is
placed
into
larger
sociopolitical
frameworks,
illuminating the underlying power dynamics that are at
work.
3.3.4 Urdu as a Language for Analysis of Discourse
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Pakistan's official language, Urdu, is the principal
language of information available on the social media
sites included in this study. Because of its extensive use
and cultural significance as a language of unification,
Urdu is an essential tool for communication
throughout the country, especially when it comes to
political debate. Nonetheless, because the study
focuses on English linguistics, Google Translate was
used to translate the gathered Urdu data into English,
guaranteeing exactness and authenticity throughout
the procedure.
RESULTS
Table 1: Summary of Key Aspects in Imran Khan's Speeches for Sociopolitical Research
Date
Location/Occasion
Main Sociopolitical Themes
Primary
Agenda
Notable Linguistic
Aspects
June 19,
2022
Prison
Inflation, struggle of PMLN for
NRO2, conduct of neutrals
Inflation
Use of adverbial
phrases, powerful
language
July 11,
2022
Muzafargarh
Manipulative attitude of PM
Shahbaz Sharif, political
awareness through specific titles
Cherry
Blossom,
Shahbaz Sharif Use of irony
August
14, 2022
Minaret, Pakistan
Lahore
Mental slavery, preference for
speaking English, dependency
Slavery
Use of ridicule
January
5, 2023 Nation Address
Conspiracy against Imran Khan,
exploitation in the name of
religion
Religion
Use of satirical
statements
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1st Speech (June 19th 2022)
This speech was made in the prison. It was the live
speech by Imran Khan delivered nationwide so was
chosen for this research. The researcher finds that the
speech answers all the research questions. As far as the
first question is concerned the speech aptly raised
sociopolitical awareness in it Imran Khan discussed
topics like inflation, the struggle of PMLN for NRO2 and
the conduct of neutrals. By listening to these words’
the public becomes socio-politically aware and starts
thinking about how to control this situation. Then
comes the second question of the research the
researcher finds out that inflation is the basic agenda
here. Then finally raises the question of linguistic
aspects. The researcher comprehensively elaborates
on all the linguistics aspects. It is found then that the
speech mostly consists of adverbial phrases. Hence,
the use of powerful language has been widely found in
this speech.
2nd Speech (July 11th 2022)
This speech was made at Muzafargarh. It has been
chosen for the research because it unveils the
manipulative attitude of the present Prime Minister of
Pakistan Mr. Shahbaz Sharif. The speech creates
sociopolitical awareness as in it words like Hamza kukri
cherry blossom Shahbaz Sharif and Mr.X have been
used. These words make the public think of the reason
behind these titles for doing so they start searching
and get political awareness. Hence, the agenda of the
speech is Cherry Blossom, Shahbaz Sharif. Further, the
linguistic aspects in the speech are many but most
importantly the use of irony has been highlighted in the
speech.
3rd Speech (August 14th 2022)
The speech was made on the Day of Independence so
have been chosen for the research. It was delivered at
Minaret. Pakistan Lahore. The researcher finds out that
the speech creates socio-political awareness as it
discusses the topics such as mental slavery. For this
Imran Khan has given reference to the past when he
used to visit Lahore Gymkhana and people there only
preferred speaking English. The statement beggars are
not choosers also makes the public think about why it
has been made. The word ventilator further adds fuel
to the fire this is how social-political awareness has
been developed. While the main agenda of the speech
is slavery all the references used in the speech point
toward not to favor slavery. Just like the famous
dialogue of Imran Khan. “Absolutely Not” Further as
the linguistic aspects of the speech are concerned. This
speech highlights the use of ridicule on the part of
Imran Khan.
4th Speech (January 5th 2023)
This speech has been selected because it discusses the
conspiracy made to kill Imran Khan. The speech
describes the details of the incidents connected for
March 25,
2023
Nation Address
Injustice and brutality, references
to Zil.e.Shah and the attack on
Zaman Park
Injustice and
brutality
Intertextuality,
proverbial phrases
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killing him. As far as the research objectives are
concerned the speech meets all of them. Then it comes
to understand that all these points relate to a single
agenda. Hence the agenda of the speech is religion.
Imran Khan has mentioned how people are exploited
in the name of religion. Linguistically this speech has
frequently made the use of satirical statements by
Imran Khan.
5th Speech (March 25th 2023)
The speech has been chosen as it contains a reference
to Zil.e.Shah one of the great supporters of Imran Khan
further it also discusses the attack on Zaman Park. The
speech fully meets all the objectives of the research.
Firstly, it creates sociopolitical awareness with the
words like level playing field, banana republic and
contract enforcement. All these words hit the mind of
the listeners and they think about why such terms have
been used. Then the reader understands that all these
are the points which say no to injustice it means that
the country is facing injustice and brutality. So the main
agenda of the speech is injustice and brutality. Further,
this
speech
contains
linguistic
aspects
like
intertextuality and proverbial phrases. Now and then,
these have been used to solidify the arguments of
Imran Khan.
CONCLUSION
The intricacy of Pakistan's contemporary political
discourse is highlighted by the findings of the study of
Imran Khan's speeches. These remarks highlight the
complex interrelationship between language, power,
and sociopolitical context when viewed through the
prism of Fairclough's 3D model. Khan uses rhetorical
devices and linguistic choices to address topics like
inflation, political manipulation, mental slavery,
religious exploitation, and injustice in order to increase
public understanding of sociopolitical issues. Each
speech uses linguistic tactics such proverbial phrases,
satirical comments, irony, ridicule, adverbial phrases,
and intertextuality to support Khan's points while also
effectively communicating its objective. These results
add to our knowledge of Khan's communication
strategies while also shedding light on more general
concerns about public opinion, governance, and social
change in Pakistan. The analysis of these speeches
opens avenues for future research discussions on
discourse analysis, political communication dynamics,
and power relations within Pakistani society.
Finally, analyzing Imran Khan's speeches through the
perspective of Fairclough's 3D model highlights the
complex relationship that exists in Pakistan between
language, power, and sociopolitical factors. By
addressing important concerns and promoting
change, Khan's speeches successfully increase public
knowledge of sociopolitical issues. Khan effectively
and precisely conveys his purpose through the use of
rhetorical devices including irony, satire, and
intertextuality. The analysis's conclusions not only
clarify Khan's communication strategies but also offer
insightful information on more general issues of public
opinion, government, and social norms. These findings
open up new avenues for research and discussion on
political communication dynamics, discourse analysis,
and the influence of language on political discourse in
Pakistan. The study's overall goal is to advance
knowledge of the nuances of contemporary political
discourse and how it affects Pakistani society.
Recommendation for upcoming Researchers
This paper provides a useful foundation for further
research because of its clear language and thorough
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
41
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
07
P
AGES
:
30-41
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
explanation of Fairclough's paradigm. Future research,
however, have to think about broadening the scope by
examining a larger variety of speeches or going more
deeply into particular thematic components of Imran
Khan's discourse in order to further develop the area.
Finally, Enhancing our comprehension of political
communication dynamics in Pakistan and its
consequences for democracy and societal norms can
be achieved through longitudinal analysis, qualitative
interviews, comparative studies with other political
leaders, and interdisciplinary collaborations.
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