Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
35
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(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
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11
Pages:
35-42
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I
MPACT
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(2021:
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705
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(2022:
5.
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OCLC
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IF
–
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Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Learning a language, culture and translation and the relationship between them become one of the most important
issues for humanity due to socializing round the globe. Thus, translation is a very effective factor not only for
communicating, but also exchanging cultur
es and knowledge. Let’s look at the terms of language, culture and
translation, and their contents.
KEYWORDS
Language, culture, translation, relationship, communicating, dictionaries, interpretation, translators, transformation
between different languages.
INTRODUCTION
There are several definition related with language, for
instance, the words, their pronunciation, and the
methods of combining them used and understood by a
community (Merriam-Webster); language, a system of
conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written
symbols by means of which human beings, as members
of a social group and participants in its culture, express
themselves (Britannica); or another one, a particular
manner of expression (YourDictionary). It is obvious
that definitions given to the word “language” are
variety, and if you pay attention to all of them, you can
see common meanings, such as language used for
interacting and expressing feelings. And here is clearer
and shorter one
–
language is a system of the speech
which people use to communicate. Not only does it
help us to interact and interpret, but also share ideas
Research Article
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
Submission Date:
November 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 05, 2022,
Published Date:
November 22, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume02Issue11-06
Kudratova Sitora Rashidovna
Bsmi, The Teacher Of English Language Department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
36
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
02
I
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11
Pages:
35-42
SJIF
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(2022:
5.
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)
OCLC
–
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IF
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Servi
with others and identify ourselves. Language is a
phenomenon and a factor that links different cultures
and a way of expressing feelings and ideas that people
try to convey. Should you want to be aware of different
cultures, first, you have to learn their language. Only if
you study the languages of new nations, you start to
understand their culture.
Meanings of culture in the dictionaries: the customary
beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial,
religious, or social group (Merriam-Webster); the way
of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a
particular group of people at a particular time
(Cambridge Dictionary). Telling the truth, the first
highly influe
ntial definition about the term “culture”
came from Edward Tylor
1
“that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society.” In short, it is a characteristi
cs
and knowledge of a particular group of people. In
addition, the Center for Advanced Research on
Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining
culture as shared patterns of behavior and
interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding
that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be
seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by
social patterns unique to the group.
As for the term of translation, it can be defined as an
act, process, or instance of translating: such as a
rendering from one language into another (Merriam-
Webster); Translation is an activity that aims at
conveying meaning or meanings of a given linguistic
discourse from one language to another (Oxford
Handbooks). In short, it is a process where the words
1
E. Tylor. Primitive Culture. New York: J.P. Putnam's Sons.
1920
or text are translated from source-language into target
language or vice-verse. Moreover, there is a term
“interpretation” which is used as interchangeable with
translation. However, there is a difference that
distinguishes them from each other, which translation
refers to the written language, and interpretation to
the spoken word. Even though they have difference,
both of them do the same act that is reworking text
from one language into another to maintain the
original message and communication.
So what is correlation among those terms?
Language and culture
–
it is impossible to learn one
without knowing the other. Although they are two
different things, they meet at one point. And that
reveals language and society will not be separated.
Anthropologists would have difficulty understanding a
culture without becoming familiar with its language
and vice versa. In fact, neither one can exist without
the other. Ken Hale, a well-known linguist, discusses
the relationship between culture and language. He
claims that when a language loses a piece of culture is
also lost, since culture has a strong influence on the
language. We can conclude from that phenomenon,
customs, traditions, and interpersonal interactions are
all influenced by culture.
Culture, language and translation
–
language is a vital
means of socializing and interaction among people.
Not only does language reflect and express facts and
observations, but also attitudes and behavior. If
culture and translation work in a correlation, those will
aid to build the bridge the gaps that different
languages might create. From the past it is witnessed
that there are diverse of nations and within nations too
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there are so many languages which are spoken in the
worldwide. So, translation and interpreting, since that
time, is still continuing to be an element of healthy
cultural exchange.
The Influence of Culture on Translation
As it has been aforementioned, translation is the
activity where the word or text is transferred from one
language into another one. During this process, there
are some factors which effect on translation. One of
the predominant one is culture. There are two main
aspects of the influence of culture on Translation: one
is the influence on the translator and the two is the
influence on the translation activities. Culture can not
only promote translation activities, but also influence
and even restrict translation activities to some extent.
The Influence of Culture on Translators. First of all, how
culture impacts on translators? Translation is one of the
means of communication where information and
culture exchange between the languages. As it is
accepted, not only translators, but also their
knowledge, experience, and living environment will be
a key role in the process of translation. Wang Dongfeng
analyzed several aspects of it: aesthetic interference,
political interference and ethical intervention. If we go
deep into and disclose the meaning of them, the
former term reveals the imposition of an aesthetic,
which is cultural, correlated with the national culture,
reader's experience on the artistic experience of other
nationalities. The second term which is political
interference refers the politically motivated decision to
prevent an agency from using state-of the-art science;
and last one, which is ethical intervention, is the
services provided by an individual ethicist or an ethics
team or committee to address the ethical conflicts
involved in a specific clinical case. So, the translator
should recognize the cultural factors while translating
the text into target language that is accepted by the
reader, since a successful translator are able to deal
with cultural factors during the process of translation.
They should be aware of the culture of two languages,
should be an expert on cultural understanding, can
easily do flexible transformation of cultural
orientation, should have both high cross-cultural
sensitivity and a level of cultural evaluation.
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Figure 1. The
relationship
between
understanding of
cultural background and the accuracy of translation
Here, it is vividly seen that translators with good
cultural background will convert texts or words more
accurately compare to those who do not know culture
of both languages. Another predominant feature is
that the more words interpreters gain, the higher
accuracy rate will be in their speech. From the graphs it
is clear that, although translators possess about 10000
words but without any cultural background, their
accuracy rate shows lower point than their
counterparts with cultural knowledge. Thus, the
translation can never replace the original work
completely, "coexistence" is the need of contending,
and the "coexistence" also provides the reader with
the possibility of choosing and judging.
Role of translation in culture
As it has been said that translation and culture are
intimately connected, which the latter gives birth to
language. Wilhelm von Humboldt shared this opinion
of translation in a letter addressed to A. W. Schlegel,
dated July 23, 1796: “All translation seems to me simply
an attempt to solve an impossible task. Every
translator is doomed to be done in by one of two
stumbling blocks: he will either stay too close to the
original, at the cost of taste and the language of his
nation, or he will adhere too closely to the
characteristics peculiar to his nation, at the cost of the
original. The medium between the two is not only
difficult, but downright impossible”. So, no matter
how much it is easy or difficult the words, they all
contain cultural features of source language. Thus,
translation without deep cultural context can be
dangerous, especially when meanings are critical, that
is to say he must respect at the same time the cultural
source of point of view and the target culture.
The importance of passing from one culture to another
during a translation from one language to another is
required in all textual translation. This requirement
motivates, and even gives a particular pleasure, to
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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VOLUME
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translators who must know how to manipulate the
beautiful interdependence between a translation and
culture. They forage the cultural fields of each culture
and enrich the references and the context of their
translation, bettering its quality and relevance. There is
interdependence between languages and culture
which incidentally improves the translation, because it
is a way to enrich the meaning.
Language is the carrier of culture, culture is the soil of
language, and translation is the bridge of intercultural
communication. Translation occurs as a result of
human activity that allows people to exchange ideas
and opinions, regardless of their different languages
and cultures. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic,
cross-cultural and cross-social communication. As a
kind of communication, the main purpose is nothing
but to establish equivalence between the source text
and the target text. In other words, as the receiver of
the source message and the sender of the target
message, the translator should try his best to convey
all the contents of the source text into the target text,
otherwise, translation as a kind of communication
would end in failure.
Words which are connected with culture are called
culture-bound words. Culture-bound words are
generally rendered in the borrowing language through
transcription, transliteration, and calque translation.
What is most important in translating culture-bound
words is the receptor’s perception and reaction. A
translator should be aware of the receptor’s potential
problem
s and, taking into account the receptor’s
background knowledge, choose the best means of
2
Rakhmet Feyzi. New Year's Party / Uzbekistan speaks. Short
stories. Foreign Languages Publishing House. Moscow, 1958,
- R.133 (further English examples are taken from this book
and indicated in the brackets beti).
translation. Before translating, it is necessary to check
whether a loan word exists in the target language,
whether its meaning corresponds to that of the source
language word. Translators sometimes can add their
opinion as addition to author’s work but carefully. They
should be aware of the traditions of that nation, their
relationship to each other, the author's work, all
scientific and literary sources. Otherwise, it is natural
for the translator to make similar errors.
There is an example of taken from short story “New
Year’s by Party” Rakhmat Fayzi. Uzbek women never
go to the wedding parties and any kind of ceremonies
with empty hands. They take there some food, some
kind of cloth with themselves. The main hero of the
story Bakhri khola’s words:
-
Ҳ
амма
гап
биз
хотинларнинг
эскича
расми
-
русмимизда
“Олинг
қ
уда
,
беринг
қ
уда”
расми
ўлсин
.
Мана
мен
...
2
Russian translation (translated by L.Bat and
P.Kodirov):
-
Да, всему виной наши глупые старые обычаи:
“Бери, кума,
-
верни,
кума!”
3
English translation (G.Khanna and D.Skvirskiy):
“Of course, the whole trouble was caused by our
ridiculous old customs:
3
A'. Hashimov. Spring is health. T.: Literature and art
publishing house named after Gafur Gulum . 2001. B. 340
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“Take it, old girl –
return it, old girl!”
4
Uzbeks have a habit. Depending on the present the
guest has brought to the host’s house, he should
return it accordingly when he goes back to his house.
There is also such a proverb in the Uzbek language
“бор тово
ғ
им
,
кел
тово
ғ
им
,
келишингда
қ
уру
қ
бўлсанг
ўрта
ерда
син
тово
ғ
им”
. This proverb is
translated into Russian word by word as
“иди, мой
поднос, вернись, мой поднос, а не вернешься, чтоб
черт тебя унес”. The English translator using the
Russian version translated it as “go my tray, return, my
tray, and if you don’t return may the devil take you”.
This idiom does not exist in both Russian and English
languages. It was translated in the way of word-by-
word and it was accepted as the correct version. The
translator who used the original language could not
find the suitable equivalent. That is, here the translator
could not find an equivalent to this idiom when
translating from the original into another language,
and used the calque translation method.
One of the difficulties a translator comes across is
selecting a suitable equivalent. It should be as
expressive as the original and correspond in style and
connotation, and convey an adequate meaning.
The importance of translation in culture and language
is high because it pushes the wheel ahead for better
communication between two parties. Furthermore,
translation is a wonderful multicultural bridge. Perhaps
more than just a bridge, translations are the key to
multicultural dialogues; dialogues that are the best
guarantees of peace. The relationship between culture
and translation help to break the bonds that different
4
One day of the peasant / A day of the peasant. Tashkent
"classical word". 209. P. 23.
languages might create. And a translator is a
peacemaker, the builder of bridges between cultures,
between peoples, and between languages.
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35-42
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.914
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
39.
Hasanovna,
D.
M.
(2021).
Semantic
implementation of resultutive structures.
Methods, 7(6).
40.
Davlatova, M. X. (2015). The role of Songs in
learning English. Journal. MolodoyUchyonniy,
10, 90.
