Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
66
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article the stages of formation and development of the essay genre, qualitative changes over the years of
independence, its terms as a genre based on the historical and biographical approach of literary criticism, as well as
theoretical conclusions about the image of a creative figure in the essay, the meaning of the personality image and
worldview of the writer (paragraph 1 in the editorial office are analyzed. The role of the genre in the development of
the modern literary process, the attitude of research scientists to the important role of creative biography in the
creation of a work was also studied.
KEYWORDS
Essay, literary criticism, scientific creativity, fiction, tazkirism, art, essay novel, creative figure, principle, folklore
annotations, historical fact, artistic truth.
INTRODUCTION
The socio-historical and spiritual foundations of inter-
genre relations in the field of literary criticism, changes
in the system of literary types and genres, the
emergence of new genres not only update theoretical
laws and norms in this area, but also create the basis
for the development of fiction and scientific creativity.
This process is valuable in that it glorifies the rich
spiritual heritage of the people, increases the artistic
and aesthetic level of the reader. As the President of
our country Sh.Mirziyoyev noted: "The study and
popularization of Uzbek classical and modern
literature at the international level, the analysis of this
multifaceted topic in an inextricable connection with
the most important processes taking place today in the
Research Article
ABOUT THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ESSENCE OF THE PERIOD OF
INDEPENDENCE
Submission Date:
Aug 02, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Aug 07, 2024,
Published Date:
Aug 12, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue08-04
Kazakova Gulasal Kuralovna
Lecturer at Urgench Innovation University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
67
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
world literary space, summing up the necessary
scientific and practical conclusions, adoption I think
that this is of great importance”
.
After all, the future should not be indifferent to the
lessons of the past. Therefore, the principles of
development occurring in the modern literary process
are also formed on the basis of the above criteria.
As noted in the study, in the second half of the 20th
century, the genre of essays, which began to appear in
Uzbek literature, has certain stages of formation and
development, makes a certain contribution to the
development of the modern literary process. A prose
work, a literary genre that sets out the author's
personal considerations on a particular issue, event,
life situation”
the genre of essays belonging to the epic
type originated in Uzbek literature in the 60s of the
twentieth century.
The issues of the formation of essays as a genre,
genesis, plot and composition were analyzed in the
thesis of literary critic Ph.D. M. Ko'karova on the topic
"Genre of essays in modern Uzbek literature," in which,
in addition to genesis, the essays put forward views on
symbolic and spiritual-intellectual issues in the
following edition: However, based on the tasks of the
study, it does not pay attention to the issue of artistic
interpretation of the image of the artist. The study also
analyzes the genre of essays in Eastern and Western
classics, the emergence and development of essay
schools in European literature, the combination of
works of Russian and Turkish literature with works of
Uzbek literature.
In addition, the scientist notes that in classical
literature there is tazkirism, the emergence of memoir
literature, the ideal basis for works of art is essays, as
well as statements from the book "A Brief Dictionary
for Navoi's Works" and "Explanatory Dictionary of the
Uzbek Language." Comments on this word are
compared
with
descriptions
in
the
"World
Encyclopedic
Dictionary"
and
"Great
Turkic
Dictionary"), and in the West it is an essay genre”
. Her
opinion about this is complemented by the opinions of
the writer P. Kadirov and the literary critic N.
Rakhimzhanov about essays and art, and also
emphasize that in literary criticism there is a big
difference between periods, space and theoretical
views.
The historical and educational work "Samarkand
Dream," written by Khurshid Davron in the early years
of independence, should be considered as a work that
fully meets the principles of essayism. Previous,
historical pearls mention the activities of those whose
ancestors were glorified forever. In the section
"Homeland of Ancestors" and "Border of the
Motherland," Shirok, expressing the pride of the
nation in the history of our people, from Tumaris to Al-
Khorazmiy, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mirzo Ulug bey;
Jalaluddin Manguberdi, Amir Temur, Zahiriddin
Muhammad Babur talk about the "exemplary life" of
great people. Their personal development, human
character, from life question to customs. This aspect of
the essay exactly corresponds to the description given
in the dictionary as a literary expression: "Neither the
compositional nor the thematic side of the essay is
limited, it allows the author to freely express his
thoughts and experiences.”
.
In the chapter of the study "Esseda Kahramon" M. Ko
noted that although the question of the hero in other
genres of prose has been sufficiently analyzed and
theoretical foundations have been determined, the
question of the hero in the essay has not been
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
68
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
specifically studied, based on the interpretation of the
essay by Sh. Kholmirzaev of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. a) essays on people of art b) essays on
public figures c) historical and social essays d)
journalistic essays.
In the works of poets and writers A. Oripov, U.
Nazarov, O. Umarbekova, F. Musozhonov, O.
Khashimov, noted as heroes of essays and works
dedicated to the memory of O. In addition, Sh.
Kholmirzaev focuses on various aspects of the creative
style, such as the living expression of the heroic
movement, attention to the relevance of the idea put
forward, attention to the details of the coverage of the
main issue.
In Ph.D. B. Poluanov's thesis "The genre of essays in
Karakalpak literature" for the first time in Karakalpak
literary criticism, the origin, patterns of development
and principles of the formation of the genre of essays
in national literature were studied. Theoretically, the
genre features of the essay are analyzed, the national
features of the Karakalpak essay are determined.
There was no such genre in Karakalpak literature that
would be called "essay" in Karakalpak borrowing.
about its role in oral and written monuments, until it
was formed as a literary and creative phenomenon. But
some elements of the genre can be found in folk tales,
legends and legends, epics rich in wisdom”
, - it is noted
that on the basis of this trend in the 80s of the
twentieth century, the first essay by T. Kaipbergenov
under the names "Karakalpaknoma," "Turkiynoma,"
"Letters to Bobom," "Kalbim kumusi" will be published
in Karakalpak literature. The work contains differences
between "works created in Uzbek literature and works
created by Karakalpak writers." It was noted that in the
Karakalpak essays, folklore occupies an important
place, and Essenavists begin their works with an
epigraph about folk art.
Literary critic Shoir Akhmedov "History of Uzbek
literary criticism”
reflecting in his monograph on the
features of the essay in this dissertation, he counters
that the essay genre is not fully illuminated, that the
beginning of a work with an epigraph is characteristic
of other genres, so this criterion cannot reveal the
features of the essay. We believe this scientist is right.
According to the artist, the epigraph can be placed in
any work. At the same time, essay is a form of free
creativity, and essenavis has the right to cover it "as
they see fit." Therefore, it is quite appropriate to judge
that "the young researcher would like to note the
epigraph not as a property of essence, but as
something similar in Karakalpak essays." If you pay
attention to the works created by Karakalpak creative
figures, then this is especially true. Only if researcher B.
Poluanov called this not a property of essays, but
ananavism in Karakalpak essays, the question would be
even more clarified. People's writer of Uzbekistan O.
Yakubov to the essay novel "Korakalpaknoma" created
in Karakalpak literature: "The first essay novel in
ancient Turkestan literature, the first novel in Turkic
literature of the twentieth century…” the ab
ove
description indicates that an essay or work in
accordance with its direction is widespread in
Karakalpak literature.
T. Kapbergenov's essay "Letters to Grandfather" is a
work reflecting the artist's life observations from
childhood to the age of the prophet, historical events
he experienced, artistic experiences experienced in his
heart. It was therefore appropriate to explore the
essay as a product of a biographical approach. This
approach would allow the essay to illuminate the
creative personality, make the real picture of life
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
69
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
experiences more perfect, and also evaluate it as a
work aimed at creating a creative figure.
In the work of T. Kaipbergenov, the main issue is
considered the question of artistic skill: "In the work of
T. Kaipbergenov, the essay genre gradually improved
and rose to a high level of artistic skill. Some of the
shortcomings in the first works of this genre have
decreased from work to work. They improved in
compositional terms, received the status of artistic”
.
Based on these considerations of the researcher, in the
analyzed study of changes in the artistry and
composition of the essay, there is no interpretation of
the image of the artist as a new page in the
development of the essay.
A new approach to the linguistic features of T.
Kapbergenov's essay, ensuring the individuality of the
speech of the heroes of the essay is recognized as the
scientific novelty of B. Poluanov's work, while
attention is paid to the issue of emdiving the image
of the people in the essay by creating images of this
Code. Among historical figures, such characters as
Amir Temur, Aidosbi, Mamanbi, Ernazar olako, Allayar
Do'stnazarov are persecuted, and the author talks
about people who fought for the honor and happiness
of the Karakalpak people. As noted above, the analysis
of historical truth and nationality is determined by one
of the main goals of the study.
B. Poluanov considers an important factor in the
transformation of historical events into the artistic
reality of the oral creativity of the people and the
writer's imagination, noting that the novel-essay
"Karakalpaknoma" was created on this basis. In
"Karakalpaknoma" the basis of historical truth is made
up of narratives, legends and facts, folklore is turned to
more often” . The study, entitled "Writ
ing and Oral Folk
Art," examines the principles of the use of legends and
traditions in essays, as well as the role of these values
in work. An important artistic task is assigned to the
oral creativity of each people.
In Uzbek literature, the essay genre is an important
source of scientific, artistic and journalistic reflection of
historical topics created to date. In these types of
works, analyzing historical sources, one of the
important aspects of the essay is a combination of free
thinking, knowledge and artistry in research, the study
of the activities of historical heroes and a clear
expression of a historical event.
The textbook "History of Criticism of Uzbek Literature"
provides a classification of essays: "In Uzbek literature
there are various forms of essays a) literary essays b)
essay-novel e) essay-
story e) memory and truth”
. We
believe that, summarizing all the above theoretical
information 1 2), it would be possible to more broadly
describe the classification of essays, including the
names of literary works. Since the essay is "a type of
free creativity under its own name, the widespread
disclosure of the topic, scientific, artistic, historical,
critical, philosophical, pictorial method for the author
of the essay, the title of works of both literary and
artistic works causes less doubt in the book. Because in
literature, as in works of art, the qualities characteristic
of essays are manifested. Based on the above
theoretical information, if in the essay:
a) an essay, if priority is given to historical and
educational significance (essay "Mustakillik Memori"
from the book "Davonda" by O. Sharafiddinov,
"Samarkand
Dream,"
"Bibikhanym's
story
or
unfinished epic" by H. Darron);
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
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VOLUME
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AGES
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OCLC
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b) the artist's literary essays reflecting his views on
literature, life, the general reality of being, deeply
reflecting his beauty and expressing thought on the
basis of a certain concept ("Literary Thoughts,"
"Expression of Thirty Years" by I.G. Afurov; "To my
young friends" A. Mukhtar, "Yoylar" P. Kadirov,
"Shoiru sher shuur" E. Vakhidov. "Happiness of
creativity," "State of sister Kibriyo" O. Sharafiddinova);
c) a story about a free form of creativity, complex in
relation to the story in terms of event, plot and
composition, simple in relation to the novel, having the
principle of free thinking based on an independent plot
direction, internal structures ("Purple Smell, Uncle" Sh.
Kholmirzaev);
d) Awake From Scientific and Artistic Observations has
a literary-critical genre that can be called an essay
novel.” . ("Cholpon," "
Maksud Shaikhzoda" N.
Karimov);
e) Memories of writers and creators are close in a
number of ways. Therefore, one of the forms of essays
for him is an essay ("About Father" by H. Kadiri, "About
What I Lost and Found" by S. Ahmad, "Abdullah
Kakhhor" by O. Sharafiddinov, "My Aibegim" by Zarif
Saif Idnosirov)
f) interviews of two or more persons (scientists,
scientists, writers) on literature, art, criticism (("Essay -
free creativity" by M. Ko'chkarov//Interview with
Shukur Kholmirzaev);
g) essay-article on the free form of creativity of a
political, scientific, journalistic, social nature, published
in newspapers, magazines, collections ("The First
Miracle" by O. Sharafiddinov, "The First Spring" by
Ibrahim G. Ofurov, "The Power of Man" by Sabir O'nar,
"Artistic Journalism" by Saidi Umirov)
In addition, it should be noted that in connection with
the ongoing study of essays, the study of this genre in
world literary criticism, as well as the opinions
expressed on the phenomenon of inter-genre
syncretism in Uzbek classical literature, various
approaches to classification as a genre are observed.
For example, in the textbook by Yu. Salizhonov, "The
Modern Literary Process," the essay is considered as a
small epic genre and is described as follows: "It is
better to call the essay a research essay. It reveals what
I know, what I don't know. By structure "1. Feature
Essays 2. It can be divided into scientific essays. The
essay genre is characterized by free composition”
. In
our opinion, to call an essay a "study" is to limit its
possibilities. Given the role of essays as a genre in the
development of the modern literary process, its
figurative possibilities in the image of the human
psyche, it is advisable to recognize it as a genre of
literary criticism. In this context, the description of the
textbook "History of Uzbek literary criticism" is more
perfect than the aforementioned.
Indeed, despite the fact that in Uzbek criticism the
meeting of works in the form of literary works, essay
novels and memoirs was carefully analyzed in scientific
literature, research work, scientific conclusions on the
analysis of works of literary criticism and the artistic
embodiment of the image of creative figures are final
"did not find expression. The fourth part of the
textbook "History of Uzbek literary criticism" belongs
to Sh. Akhmedova, and the author's essay is analyzed
as a literary and critical genre. In Eastern literature, the
history of the essay artist sheds light on the unknown,
logic, memories, vocabulary, nature and features of
the genre, types of essays, and the nature of the genre.
In Uzbek literature, this genre originated in the 60s of
the XX century, in works created during the years of
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
71
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
independence, the aspirations for an artistic reflection
of the image of creators are reflected. In his memoirs
about S. Aini, Oybek, A. Kakhkhor, G.G. Ulom, S.
Zunnunova notes various experiences of writers, their
colorful world. "Memories with a number of features
are close to essays. It can therefore be seen as a form
of essay. However, the recognition of the facts set
forth in the memoirs and their introduction into
scientific circulation do not always give the expected
result. It should not be overlooked that some authors
sometimes express their subjective views”
. The
information provided in the essay should not be
scientifically based, but is an important factor from the
point of view of the creator.
The second chapter of the dissertation of researcher
O'Abdunazarov for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(PhD) "The Spirit of Time and the Interpretation of
Personality in the Work of Nasir Fozilov" - "Literary
Images in Essays and Motives of Friendship and
Brotherhood," the third - "Poetic These chapters talk
about the changes that have occurred in the" direction
"of memory. The writer reflects on the artistic and
aesthetic world of his essays as follows: "Essentialism
rose to a new level during the years of independence.
If in the writings written in the era of Robert, more
attention was paid to the life and work of writers, then
in the works written in subsequent years, they began
to be covered in harmony with the motives of their
outstanding qualities. In addition, a new genre of
essayism quickly developed, in which we began to get
acquainted with previously unheard interpretations”
.
The above notes state that scientific and theoretical
innovations carried out in the direction of "essay-
memory" are of great importance.
Essay as a genre of literary criticism is a collection of
discussions on the history of literature and topical
issues of the modern literary process. In these works,
the main place is occupied by scientific and figurative
examples of thinking, the main idea of which is
devoted to the problems of the literary process, the
analysis and discussion of works created by poets and
artists. Unlike the personal development of creators,
unlike true human qualities, scientific views do not give
the main emphasis on the scientific evidence of many
areas. It contains scientific conclusions from the
experience
of
life
and
creativity,
artistic
generalizations, life observations. In literary and critical
works, these requirements, of course, are provided.
Creativity of M. Kozhonov, O. Sharafiddinov, N.
Karimov, I. Khakkulov is an example in the creation of
literary and critical works.
The works created in the field of literary criticism
reflect the following features aimed at covering
creative activity:
1) analysis of the creative activity of a writer, poet,
literary critic;
2) an indication of the factors prompting the
emergence of the main idea in the works;
3) applying an image of a creative laboratory;
4) human character, expression of personal
experiences and reflection of this in works of
originality;
5) description of the appearance and spiritual world of
a writer, poet, literary critic
His works devoted to the creativity and analysis of the
works of artists began to develop as a separate
direction and paved the way for the creation of new
works during the years of independence. This activity
Volume 04 Issue 07-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
66-72
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
is a solution to topical issues facing literary criticism
and in the current literary process, is not an
exaggeration, since it protects the work of artists from
well-known forms, and also preserves the artistic value
of works created in the field of literary criticism. From
this point of view, this update, in which the theme and
content of any essay widely illuminate the personality
of a creative person, creates an image of a poet from
human feelings.
REFERENCES
1.
B. Nazarov, A. Rasulov, K. Kakhramonov, S.
Akhmedov. "History of Uzbek literary criticism." T.:
2012.
2.
D. Kuronov, Z. Mamazhonov, M. Sheralieva
"Dictionary of Literary Criticism." T.: Akademnashr.
2013.
3.
T. Kaipbergenov. "Karakalpaknoma." T.: 1997.
4.
M. Ko'chkarova. "Artistic Word and Spiritual
Sources." T.: Publisher "Editor." 2011
5.
Yu. Salizhonov "Modern literary process." Tutorial.
T.: "Innovation-Intelligence." 2020.
6.
O'Abdunazarov "In the work of Nasir Fozilov, the
spirit of the times and the interpretation of
personality." Diss, written for his PhD. Termez.
2023.
7.
Sh. Akhmedov "History of Uzbek literature." T.: Fan
Publishing House. 2008.
8.
Poluanov B.N. "Essay in Karakalpak literature." Full
name of the author of the dissertation submitted
for the degree. Nukus. 2002.
