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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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46-54
OCLC
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ABSTRACT
The article discusses the categories of intertextuality: allusion and quotation as being the key mediators between
texts. In resolving this issue, it provides a detailed description of the forms under each category and explains how
each of them operates in the textual talk of literature and how they interact with one another. Also, the article stresses
that symbolism takes up a very important role in works of literature is not only significant for deepening the themes,
but also serves another purpose of being a tool of the critics in making the reader interested in the piece of literature
and encouraging him/ her to think about the possible meanings of symbols. Through such elaboration of analysis, the
discussion also shows that intertextual and symbolic
elements build up on one another to enrich the reader’s
perception.
KEYWORDS
Intertextuality, allusion, quotation, symbol.
INTRODUCTION
Intertextuality is the process of forming a text from
another text; readers can perceive the connections
and similarities between texts.According to Abrams, "a
word or phrase that signifies an object or event that in
turn signifies something, or has a range of reference,
beyond itself," is referred to as a "symbol." The goal of
symbolists is to creatively convey concepts that
transcend concrete-emotional perception. They
contend that a symbol is a more powerful instrument
for eschewing traditional words or idioms and for
helping to illustrate a piece of writing by conjuring up
mental images in the reader's mind .Indeed, when we
look at how symbols are used in literature, we can see
that they reflect the cultural beliefs, wisdom, and
superstitions of a community and incorporate the deep
sense of philosophy of each culture and nation.[1]
Research Article
THE CATEGORY OF INTERTEXTUALITY: ALLUSION, QUOTATION,
SYMBOL
Submission Date:
November 15, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 20, 2024,
Published Date:
November 25, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue11-11
Sadikova Dildora Nizomovna
Teacher of Navoiy state university, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 11-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
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46-54
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
All forms of connected media are now included in the
expanded definition of intertextuality. It is widely
acknowledged that the theory's roots are in early 20th-
century linguistics, and it was first applied exclusively
to literary writings. Julia Kristeva first used the term
"intertextual" in the 1960s while analyzing Bakhtin's
ideas on dialogism and carnival. The Latin word
"intertexto," which means "to intermingle while
weaving," is the source of the term. All texts, in her
opinion, were "in conversation" with one another and
could not be fully read or comprehended without an
awareness of their connections. Since then,
intertextuality has emerged as a fundamental feature
of postmodern analysis and works. It is important to
remember that the theory of intertextuality was
developed much more recently than the practice of
creating intertextuality.
The phenomenon of one text citing, mentioning, or
hinting at another text is known as intertextuality. It is
the interaction and connection between various texts,
whereby the meaning of text is molded or impacted by
its relationships with other texts. Consider the multiple
references to TV shows, music, or memes that might
be made in casual conversation to get an idea of
intertextuality. Though it is typically limited to more
literary allusions, literary intertextuality is rather
comparable to that.
For a number of reasons, a writer or poet may
purposefully employ intertextuality. Depending on
their goal, they most likely would showcase
intertextuality in different ways. They could make
direct or indirect use of references. To add more levels
of significance, make a point, or situate their work
within a specific context, they may employ a reference.
A reference can also be used by a writer to underline
an inspiration, make a joke, or even reinterpret an
already published piece. Because there are so many
different applications and motivations for using
intertextuality, it is worthwhile to examine each
example to determine the rationale behind and
methodology of the approach.[2]
Literature review
G. Genette discussed the concept of “intertextuality
(the first category of transtextuality), a term initially
explored by J. Kristeva which serves as a foundational
element in his transtextual theory. The theory indicates
relationships or interactions between multiple
elements or entities. Genette defines it as a
“relationship of co
-
presence” between texts. This
demonstrates that it includes the coexistence or
presence of one text within another, either explicitly or
implicitly. The term can be formed as follows: quoting,
allusion, plagiarism, pastiche.[3]
Allusion
: An allusion is a literary device in which a writer
subtly references a well-known person, place, event, or
cultural artifact, thereby drawing on the reader’s
preexisting knowledge to deepen the meaning of their
work. This technique enables the writer to convey
complex ideas or evoke a particular atmosphere with
remarkable economy. Rather than offering an explicit
explanation or extensive description, the writer relies
o
n the audience’s familiarity with the referenced
subject to instantly enrich the interpretation. In this
way, an allusion functions as a kind of shorthand that
can be far more efficient than direct exposition.[4]
It's crucial to pick a reference your reader will identify
with since while some allusions specifically mention
the object they are referring to, others are not willing
to do so. In essence, allusion. It's simple to mistake
allusion for other ideas, and it is just one of the
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numerous literary strategies available to you. Some
readers confuse allusion with other terms. A brief
summary of what an allusion is not is as follows:
Illusion. Due to their almost identical sounds when
pronounced aloud, these two terms are easily
confused. An optical trick, such as Pepper's Ghost,
qualifies as an illusion.
Allegory. A literary method referred to as an allegory
conveys a concept about a more complicated or
obscure subject through a fictional scenario. George
Orwell's “Animal Farm” is a famous illustration of an
allegory.
Metaphor. Metaphors, like allegories, are literary
devices that convey ideas about a subject by describing
one thing as another and encouraging the reader to
make a comparison between the two.
“...A chair
, sunlight, flowers: these are not to be
dismissed. I am a live, I breathe, I put my hand out,
unfolded into the sunlight
..” by M.Atwood (The
Handmaid’s tale)
Allusion can be employed in a variety of contexts;
however, it tends to appear in fiction. It may be found
in a play, essay, blog post, poem, or work of creative
nonfiction. In academic writing, you can probably
encounter it as well, but typically in the sources being
discussed rather than in the author's own words.
Allusion has the power of several things. It will assist
your readers in understanding the context of your
article.Characterization can also include allusion. An
irreverent
teacher
might,
for
instance,
be
characterized as having frizzy hair and dressing in vivid,
colorful attire. You portray this teacher as lively,
engaging, and willing to get messy and make errors via
a reference to Ms. Frizzle from The Magic School Bus.
F.
R.Thomas distuingeshed allsuion into 6
categories when he discussed richly allusive poetry of
Virgil's Georgics.
Casual allusion (informal usage) An isolated allusion
that has little impact on the reader's comprehension of
the work is commonly referred to as a casual allusion.
You could say that a character's house is "the kind of
place where Tim Burton would be right at home," for
instance. The residence would be imagined by readers
who are familiar with Burton's work as having
numerous sharp, angular black and white design
elements. Although unfamiliar readers would not be
able to visualize this, they could still read the text
without losing their grasp.
Self-reference, additionally referred to as self-allusion,
is an allusion to one of your own compositions. In some
of his stories, which are set in a shared fictional
community, author Wally Lamb does this.By having the
protagonist of one story connect with the protagonist
of another, you can incorporate a self-reference into
your narrative. Using a piece's words in a novel way,
such as utilizing a previous poem's refrain as the first
line of a new poem, is another technique to make
reference to your own work.[5]
Corrective allusion- the term "corrective allusion"
refers to a reference provided by a writer with the
intention of disputing the original reference.Although
“Romeo and Juliet" by Shakespeare is often
referenced to convey notions of pure love and star-
crossed lovers, a writer may employ a corrective
allusion such as this: These two lovers with stars in their
eyes were destined to cause trouble and ruin lives.
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Another version of an allusion apparent allusion
—
an
allusion that makes a specific reference with the
intention of refuting that reference is known as an
apparent allusion. Although apparent and corrective
allusions can function similarly, apparent allusions
challenge the original source, whereas corrective
allusions openly oppose it. Toni Morrison used a
passage from a Dick and Jane primer in The Bluest Eye
to make a statement on what and how children are
taught about culture in their schoolwork. This is an
example of an apparent allusion. A work is referred to
as a conflation or multiple reference when it makes
repeated references to different customs or motifs
from the same cultural heritage. One example of a film
that uses several references is the Scary Movie series.
A quotation in literature is when someone else's
words, statement, or phrase are repeated in a piece of
writing, frequently as part of a fresh analysis or
discussion. For a variety of reasons, authors,
academics, and critics frequently include quotes from
other sources
—
whether they be speeches, works of
literature, or historical figures
—
into their own writing.
This can improve literary style, support an argument,
provide depth to the text, or establish a link between
different works. A quote, which is frequently denoted
by quotation marks, is a sentence or statement taken
from a text or speech and repeated exactly in a
different context (e.g., "To be or not to be"). The
original meaning and wording of the source text .
There are number of reasons for using quotations by
authors and critics:
✓
to support an argument: Quoting from the
original text enables the writer to substantiate
and bolster their thesis or argument in critical
essays, reviews, or research papers.
✓
to deepen meaning: Quotations can help us
comprehend a character, concept, or idea on a
deeper level. They may convey a point more
effectively or concisely than the author could in
their own words.
✓
to arouse emotion: a carefully selected quote
from a potent work has the ability to arouse
feelings or stimulate contemplation, frequently
enhancing the story or analysis.
✓
to support a point: in order to support a major
idea or theme in their own writing, authors
frequently use memorable passages or quotes
from literary works.
✓
to be preserved, regardless of whether it is a
single sentence, phrase, or even a paragraph.
✓
to foster Intertextuality and dialogue: Quotations
in literature can foster dialogue between writers
or works by illustrating how one piece responds
to, borrows from, or comments on another.
Quotation's Function in Literary Works
In literature, a quotation is when a sentence, section,
or exchange of words is repeated straight from a
source. Depending on the situation, it can be used for
a number of reasons. Quotations are a potent tool that
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give a text weight, significance, and authenticity,
whether they are found in a writer's work, a character's
speech, or the larger context of literary criticism.This is
why a quotation is so powerful: because it can be
extracted out of its original context, but still be
meaningful somewhere else. Interpreters use a quote
from another work to turn quotes into new ironic,
transformed, or meaningful statements.
Repetition: That means the actual thematic relevance
or emphasised emotional appeal of a statement or
phrase can be underlined by its citation or reference.
For example, how the Heart of Darkness so often
references “The horror!” somehow it also amplifies the
feeling of despair and impending dismay that is present
in existential dread.
Irony: The words in a quote when used sarcastically are
bent to serve the situation in which the quote is being
given. This is typical of parody or satire.
Characterization: If a character is to share some facts
about his or her personality, background or
perspective, he or she may cite a famous work.
Quotations help bridge generations by demonstrating
how ideas from earlier periods influence later ones.
They are a means of preserving and reinterpreting
cultural, historical, and literary heritage. For instance, a
writer might use a quote from Dante’s Inferno to draw
parallels between contemporary struggles and the
moral dilemmas of the past.
By choosing the quotation properly, literature seems
to continue from generation to generation and it is one
show how a great idea of an earlier generation could
impact the later generations. Thus, quotes are not just
an additional element to develop the tale, narrative, or
theme but also the way to introduce the key points of
one’s history, culture, and personality. Th
e quotation
can be introduced to writing as a device which forms a
work of art or has a given thematic significance.
Quotations are frequently used by authors for
particular objectives in their own writing to make it
more subtle and live for reader. There are main
functions of using quotation in literature:
Epigraphs: To introduce the idea or tone of a piece,
some literary works start with an epigraph, which is a
brief quotation from another work. For instance,
Thomas Parke D'Invilliers is quoted at the opening of F.
Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: "In my younger
and more vulnerable years…"
Intertextuality: Quotations can draw attention to the
relationships between texts by illustrating how one
piece may reference or respond to another. For
example, James Joyce regularly references or quotes
classical literature, especially in Ulysses.
Allusion: An allusion is a reference to another book or
work, sometimes by citing a few words or phrases from
it; however, it's not always a literal quotation.
Characterization and Voice: It is said when characters
in a story open their mouths to speak, important things
about them can be found, including personality, past,
or beliefs. The dialogue of characters is not only the
source of additional information within the show, but
the use of voice can also reveal essential aspects of
character. For instance, Hamlet’s uncomfortable and
dramatic soliloquy: “to be or not to be, that is the
question” what it signifies is the young prince’s angst
and disillusionment with the world.
A quotation may also be used to suggest something
that will happen in the story, pave the way for a future
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event or occurrence. At times, an author may use
quotation of a line from another narrative or a previous
scene in the same narrative in order to enhance the
symbols. Quotations carry on an intertextuality, as a
text implies or incorporates another text into its own
textual space. Thus a quotation is not merely a citation
which can stand on its own, but becomes a text in a
broader context.Another function of quotation can be
that it locates a story within a specific cultural or
historical context. Thus, by quoting one can appeal to
language, civilization, ethic standard, and all those
elements that define a given age to the work. [8]
It's crucial to take copyright and fair use concerns into
account when quoting in scholarly or literary settings.
Generally speaking: Fair Use: Generally speaking, it is
acceptable to quote short sections of a work as long as
the quotation is used for study, criticism, commentary,
and other reasons and is properly attributed.
Length and Purpose: When assessing whether a
quotation is being utilized in a fair manner,
consideration is given to both its length and the
context in which it is used.
Permission: Authors may need to ask the copyright
holder for permission to use larger passages or for
commercial purposes.
Fair use is also not always applicable and can change
based on the particular context, so it's crucial to keep
that in mind. Ask for permission when in doubt and
always err on the side of caution. In academic or
literary contexts, it is crucial to consistently correctly
reference and acknowledge the original source when
quoting.
In sum, quotations in literature are a powerful tool for
writers, critics, and scholars alike. They serve to enrich
the text, create intertextual dialogue, support
arguments,
and
contribute
to
the
ongoing
conversation within literary and cultural spheres.
Whether used to amplify meaning, critique, or provide
evidence, quotations remain one of the most
significant techniques in literary analysis and creative
writing.
Symbolism
Symbolism is another technique, commonly used in
literature, wherein items, characters or events viewed
in a work symbolize something beyond literature. To
define, symbols being not as clear as literal
descriptions or explanations, provide an extended,
and, as often the case, a rather ambiguous meaning.
Through symbolism, writers offer readers an
opportunity to read the work more than once and get
a second and may be third-angle understanding of the
work. This is the use of an object, a character or an
action, to represent an idea. These symbols may have
a general or, in principle, intelligible meaning (for
example, a dove symbolizes peace), or they may
receive a concrete connotation within the framework
of a specific work. Analysis of the symbols in the
literary works show that the symbols enhance the
focus on main ideas, augment description of the
characters and enhance the affects nature of the
story.When it comes to the nature of themes, it is often
the case that the use of symbols helps to make these
or those thematic concerns more realistic. For
instance, the conch of beans means law, order and
civilization in William Golding, Lord of the Flies. It has
neutral importance at the beginning, but when the
conch is smashed, in the course of the action, it
symbolises disintegration of social order, the dark
savageness. This application of symbol of conch makes
the readers appreciate fully the central theme of the
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novel that is civilization and savagery.Symbols can
evoke strong emotions by associating characters or
actions
with
broader
emotional
or
cultural
associations. In D.Braun’s “Angels and Devels” tried
to reveal unwritten history by symbols. “Illuminati” the
society - group of people who joined to develop the
science behind the cathedral in midevel periods. The
symbol carries to how renossance period was difficult
to conduct any research without permission of church.
The hidden stike between religious and science.[7]
Types of Symbols in Literature:
Universal Symbols: There are some symbols that
people everywhere and any time period are familiar
with the meaning of the symbol. These symbol facility
can just as often draw on universal human experience
or culture myths. Examples include:
light means enlightenment, purity and in some cases
expectation of good things to happen.Schemes of
darkness often symbolize either ignorance, evil, or
despair.
dove symbolizes peace or innocence, or the Holy
Spirit.Take as an example: D.Br
own’s “Angels and
Devils” the dove carries of purity and showsthe way to
the truth.
rose - symbolize the beauty and loyality. From ancient
periods it carries the symbol of love.Five leaves of rose
can represent the equiality of gender,as D.Brown’s “Da
Vinc
he code” the symbol plays a vital role to decode
the secret.
tree- It is well known that all peoples' literature makes
extensive use of the tree emblem. We have seen that
the tree represents life and knowledge, especially in
English literature. When we look at mythical works, we
can see that the tree is metaphorically divided into four
parts: the trunk, roots, branches, and leaves. Every
component of the tree has a symbolic meaning. In
particular, the tree's roots stand for history and the
past, its branches for strength, and its trunk and bark
for the present. The tree also symbolizes the passage
of time: blooming
—
a time of wealth, fruit of the tree
—
the accomplishment of a certain goal, and shedding
leaves
—
a time of aging.[9]
Contextual or Specific Symbols: These refer to signs
within literary works that have different meanings
from those interpreted in other literary works. They are
not generally interpreted but are related with the
concepts of the plot, locations and personalities of the
story.In To Kill a Mockingbird, a mockingbird can be
used as the symbols of innocence and benevolence
and Tom Robinson, Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley is an example
of the ‘mockingbird’, that is innocent, simple and
sufferer.
Allegorical Symbols: Symbols in allegorical works are
used closely to emdiv other more extensive concepts
of virtues, politics or philosophy. An allegory is an
extension of the meaning of a metaphor in which
characters of the story as well as the events are
symbolic.
Natural Symbols: Curiously, nature always has some
symbolism, as the definite elements of the natural
world reflect some particular aspects of the characters
or more general themes of the narratives. For example
the star Venus represents - faminity and beauty of
women.
Religious or Mythological Symbols: It is remarkable
that in many works the author tries to refer to religious
or mythological motifs in order to add more layers to
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the topicality of a work. These symbols may cause
religious, ethical or philosophical connotations to
develop from the learned cultural or individual
values.The utilizing of symbols in literature has a great
impact to the meaning and sequence of the narration.
An author can inspire of another author’s works by
different elements of intertextuality while this works
might be unique as well. Dan Brown has aspiration of
various religious books and some artifacts which is
trusted by local people in Spain and France. Therefore,
he collected symbols representing to the equality of
men and women in his book.[7]
Symbolism
sentimental
meanings
may
differ
depending on the gender, age, the angle a person
approaches the work, and some other factors. An
object or idea is representing in one literary work may
be representing something else in another literature.
Therefore, often the analysis of symbols in some piece
of literature may be depended upon the overall
comprehension of the work and the author’s plans. A
symbol can be used several times within a work and
may function differently with each occurrence.
Symbolism is an important figure of speech that helps
writers express ideas and feelings on different stages
of work describing a certain subject matter. Using
symbols,
objectification,
characterization
or
historicizing aims at making readers appreciate the
text in a deeper meaning than the face value in order
to understand the features that characterize the
writing. In using symbols we can see the use of
universal symbols, contextual symbols or images, and
most importantly the use of allegorical motifs.
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Abrams M.H.“A Glossary of Literary Terms” 7th
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2.
Feruza, Khajiyeva, and Sadikova Dildora. "THE
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STUDY
OF
THE
SYMBOL
‘PENTACLE’FROM DA VINCI CODE BY DAN
BROWN." International journal of scientific
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3.
Melsovna, K. F. (2021). Cosmopolitanism throgh
intertextual
devices
in
the
postmodern
biographical novel. ACADEMICIA: An International
Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 11(11), 156-161.
4.
Khajieva, F. M. (2020). Theoretical aspects of the
language learned (Stylistics). Бухоро: Дурдона.
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Ramiyyadin, A. K. (2017). Quotation as a Text-
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https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n4p230
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Smith, C. (2022). Allusive and elusive: Allusion and
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7. Sadikova, Dildora. "THE INTERTEXTUAL STUDY
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CODE BY DAN BROWN." Conference Proceedings:
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Walsh, W. S. (1908). The international encyclopedia
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Persian, Italian, German, Chinese, Herbrew and
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: under one alphabetical arrangement with
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