Vol. 5 No. 06 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 06

Ghazal (غزل) is an Arabic word meaning "to flatter women." When this lexeme became the nomeme of a lexical genre, it began to be used in relation to lyrical poems on the theme of love, written in the bahrs of the aruz meter. Over time, the content of this genre has expanded. Despite the fact that it differs from other classical lyrical genres in its specific features, among the people, this term has been transferred to the meaning of a general poem and song. While the first detailed definitions of the term ghazal were given by great word artists such as Shamsiddin Muhammad Qays ar-Razi and Rashiduddin Vatvot, Abdurahman Jami emphasizes that its main content should consist of love. Alisher Navoi says that "pain and word" (love and the fire of love) lead in it:

Ey Navoiy, sen-u Xusrav bila Jomiy tavri,

San’at-u rangni qo’y, so’zda kerak dard ila so’z. [1.219]

Although Alisher Navoi portrays the pain of love and the fire of love as leading themes, the thematic nature of the ghazal has broadened considerably in his work. In fact, the enrichment of the content of the ghazal in Turkic literature began with the work of Lutfi.

The article will judge the problem of the formation of the literary fairy-tale genre. The formation of a modern literary fairy tale, a chronological analysis of the relationship between them, studies have been carried out. It determines the connection, differentiation and formation of a literary fairy tale with some folk tale.

This article analyzes the interpretation of Sufi concepts in A. Navoi's works, particularly the categories of "fano" and "baqo" in lyrical works. The study illuminates the thinker's attitude to Sufism and the artistic expression of these concepts.

This article explores the symbolic representations of the elements air and earth in the context of angels and devils, with a particular focus on their depiction in Dan Brown's novel "Angels and Demons." Through a semiotic analysis, the study identifies and interprets the key symbols associated with air and earth, such as the Chapel Chigi (Earth) and West Ponente (Air), as well as their broader metaphysical and narrative significance. In the novel, earth is consistently linked to power and stability, while air symbolizes intelligence and divine inspiration. These elements are not only central to the plot's progression—guiding protagonist Robert Langdon through a series of symbolic markers—but also reflect deeper philosophical and spiritual associations found in various esoteric and religious traditions, where earth denotes steadfastness and air represents the subtlety of spirit or intellect.

This article examines the concept of "concept" in the context of linguoculturology, with an emphasis on its comprehensive analysis and the history of its study in the field of linguistics. The main objective of the work is to present the concept as a key element of linguoculturology, which is achieved through the study of its historical development, the analysis of the main research directions and the study of the structure of the concept. Methods of conceptual analysis, various approaches to the classification of concepts and a detailed study of the conceptual sphere are also considered. As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that the concept is a multifaceted mental formation, which leads to a variety of approaches to its interpretation. Being a link between the mental sphere of a person, culture and history, the concept is perceived as a complex of formal and meaningful structure with a clear logical organization and unique characteristics.

This article examines autobiographical texts (personal novels, memoirs, autobiographies, diaries, letters) by French writers of the first half of the 19th century as a unified whole, demonstrating their homogeneity and revealing the process of the novelization of genres within so-called «documentary prose. » It is important to consider that «fictionality, » as a feature of personal writing in Romanticism, does not necessarily imply falsehood or the author's deliberate fabrication of the self-according to literary conventions in order to conceal their true identity by replacing it with fictional «doubles. » Therefore, it is crucial to take into account the authorial intention, which is largely shaped by how Romantic culture of the 19th century conceived of the self. It is essential to avoid the danger of reducing literature to a mere game in which the individuality of the writer is lost. One must fully attribute to the realm of writing what constitutes the very essence of personal self-awareness, equating the writing «I» with the act of writing itself.

Metaphors of darkness and light are among the most entrenched conceptual structures through which speakers of many languages construe knowledge, emotion, morality and social order. Drawing on Cognitive Linguistics, this study provides a contrastive examination of English and three Turkic languages (Turkish, Uzbek and Kazakh), asking whether the same image‐schematic oppositions underlie their discourse and how far culture reshapes the universal experiential basis. A 4.5-million-word balanced corpus of modern newspaper prose, fiction and academic writing in each language was queried for lexical items meaning “dark-/black-” and “light/bright/white” together with common collocates. Every concordance line was coded for source–target mappings according to Conceptual Metaphor Theory and statistically compared across languages. Qualitative close readings complemented the counts to expose culturally salient extensions such as divine illumination in Sufi Uzbek verse or socio-moral “whiteness” in Kazakh proverbial speech. Results reveal a stable cognitive template in which LIGHT indexes knowledge, moral approval and vitality whereas DARKNESS indexes ignorance, danger and emotional gravity, yet each language foregrounds different sub-domains and narrative frames. English displays a rational-secular orientation (“to shed light on a problem”), Turkish accentuates socio-political solidarity (“karanlık güçler” ‘dark forces’ for anti-democratic powers) and Uzbek preserves religious connotations (“nur topmoq” ‘to find light’ = receive divine guidance). These findings confirm that bodily experience grounds the metaphors but local history and ideology orchestrate their discursive salience. Pedagogically, explicit awareness of such metaphors can aid translation, intercultural pragmatics and vocabulary teaching in Turkic-English contexts.

This article examines the constellation of cognitive processes that underlie second-language (L2) learning, drawing on contemporary psycholinguistic theory and empirical evidence. The study integrates models of working memory, attentional control, implicit–explicit knowledge interaction, and lexical access to explore how learners internalise and retrieve a new linguistic system. A mixed-methods design combined eye-tracking with stimulated-recall protocols during an intensive twelve-week instructional programme for Uzbek-Russian bilingual adults acquiring English. Quantitative analyses of gaze duration and reaction-time measures were triangulated with qualitative thematic coding of verbal reports to trace the dynamics of noticing, chunking, form–meaning mapping, and automatisation. Results show that high phonological working-memory span and efficient executive control predict faster consolidation of morphosyntactic sequences, while implicit statistical learning mechanisms dominate the acquisition of low-salience grammatical cues. The discussion situates these findings within usage-based and declarative/procedural frameworks, arguing that successful L2 learning emerges from the synergy of domain-general and language-specific cognitive resources modulated by task design. Pedagogical implications point to adaptive scaffolding that targets the shifting locus of cognitive load across proficiency levels.

This scientific article examines the general theoretical problems of Uzbek drama of the period of independence. The subject area of Uzbek dramaturgy, theoretical problems of dramaturgy, theoretical aspects of world dramaturgy, in particular, French, German, Spanish and Italian dramaturgy, are subjected to comparative analysis.

This article examines the distinctive features of poetic translation and identifies the primary errors translators may commit during the rendering process. It critically engages with scholarly perspectives on the subject, analyzing various theoretical approaches and case studies. Based on this analysis, the article proposes practical recommendations to mitigate common pitfalls and enhance the fidelity and artistic integrity of translated poetry. The study concludes with a synthesis of insights, offering nuanced guidelines for translators and highlighting potential areas for further research in poetic translation theory and practice. Additionally, it underscores innovation.

This article provides information on the textual study of manuscripts and lithographic copies of the works of the poet Mulla Yuldash Turaboy ugli Khilvati and their genre features. The content and essence of the poet's works and their significance today are highlighted.

In recent years, research in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has increased the demand for automated text analysis across multiple languages, including Uzbek. The multi-form, morphologically complex, and stylistically diverse nature of texts written in Uzbek poses certain challenges for automatic analysis. The central focus of this article is the automatic normalization of Uzbek texts—that is, the process of text normalization. It is dedicated to studying the linguistic and technological issues that arise during automatic text normalization in the Uzbek language. Complex morphological structures, polyform words, dialectal variants, Cyrillic-Latin script differences, and non-standard expressions complicate this process. The results of this research contribute to the deeper digital processing of the Uzbek language and to improving the quality of systems for machine translation, speech-to-text conversion, and text analysis.

The article reveals the linguistic and cultural characteristics of symbolic meanings in different languages using the examples of the animal world, the plant world, the uniqueness of natural climatic conditions, and colors.

This study offers a comparative analysis of socio-political realias in Uzbek, Russian, and English-language communicative practices. Drawing on national language corpora and applying methods from contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis, the research identifies how culturally specific political concepts are linguistically represented in each language. Special attention is paid to institutional terminology, ideological vocabulary, and metaphorical constructs that reflect national identity and political culture. The results provide insights relevant to translation studies, intercultural communication, and linguistic anthropology.

This article highlights the significance of the morphological method in the deep and comprehensive comparative-typological analysis of linguistic units in the speech of military personnel. The study analyzes the application of affixation—particularly prefixation and suffixation models—in the morphological word formation process of lexical units that shape military speech.

This article comprehensively explores the role of oral folk creativity in the formation and development of Uzbek literature. Through epics, legends, proverbs, riddles, fairy tales, and songs, the people’s worldview, historical memory, and artistic perceptions have found expression. The article examines historical sources that contain samples of Uzbek folklore, the first scholars who recorded and studied them, the distinctive features of folklore genres, and their influence on written literature. Special attention is given to the scientific folkloristic research that began in the early 20th century, particularly highlighting the contributions of scholars such as Hadi Zarifov and Gozi Olim Yunusov. The article emphasizes key characteristics of oral creativity collectivity, anonymity, oral transmission, and intergenerational continuity while revealing its theoretical and practical significance in Uzbek literary studies.

This article explores the potential of using media texts to enhance students' learning outcomes through the application of the linguacultural approach. The linguacultural approach emphasizes the integration of language and culture in the process of language acquisition, and media texts serve as a powerful tool for fostering both linguistic and cultural competence. By analyzing various forms of media texts, such as films, advertisements, and social media, the study demonstrates how these resources can be used effectively in educational contexts to improve students' understanding of language in cultural contexts. The findings show that media texts provide a rich, authentic environment for language learners to develop critical thinking and intercultural awareness.

This article explores the metamorphosis of the figure of the "superfluous man" in the work of Franz Kafka, particularly through the character of Gregor Samsa in the novella The Metamorphosis (1915). A comparative analysis is carried out between Samsa and the classical representatives of the Russian type of "superfluous man" — Onegin, Pechorin, and Chatsky. Special attention is given to the themes of alienation, silence, non-functionality, and the collapse of the humanist model of the subject. The study combines methods of hermeneutics, existential philosophy, and literary comparativism.

The article explores the integrative approach to teaching literature, which is based on its combination with history, philosophy, art studies, and cultural studies. It analyzes theoretical foundations, practical examples, and empirical research results that confirm its effectiveness. The study demonstrates that interdisciplinary integration enhances deeper understanding of texts, fosters critical thinking, and helps develop cross-disciplinary competencies. The need for methodological support and teacher training is also emphasized.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the development stages of modern terminology theory, focusing particularly on the frameworks proposed by Auger and Leychik. It examines the distinct characteristics, periodization, and methodological differences between the international model by Auger and Leychik’s Russian linguistic perspective. Through a clear tabular presentation, the paper highlights essential theoretical contributions and identifies key differences, offering insights into their relevance within contemporary linguistic research.

This article explores the manifestation of phraseological units in the Uzbek and English languages, emphasizing translation challenges and the cultural significance of such expressions. It also discusses the importance of understanding phraseological etymology and the influence of sociocultural factors on their usage. The comparative analysis aims to highlight not only linguistic but also cognitive and pragmatic aspects of idioms across both languages.

This article discusses the recording of the repertoire of Kurbanbay Zhirov Tazhibayev, who has gained significant importance among Karakalpak zhirovs. Information on when and by whom more than 20 of his epics were recorded is presented in tabular form.

The nonverbal components of communication are viewed from a gender perspective. When studying male and female versions of speech behavior, only communicative, lexical, morphological and syntactic preferences are revealed without taking inti account the peculiarities of the situation of communication between men and women, stratification variables (status, role, motivation, attitudes, norms as existing stereotypical representations concerning the verbal and nonverbal behavior of men) and women in linguistic genderology.

The accelerated digital transformation of education has propelled information services from peripheral utilities to core enablers of learning, research, and institutional governance. Drawing on a purposive review of empirical studies, policy documents, and institutional reports published between 2015 and 2025, this article examines how modern information services—ranging from learning management systems and digital libraries to analytics dashboards and AI-supported help desks—reshape pedagogical practice and administrative decision-making. The study adopts a mixed-methods explanatory design: a systematic content analysis establishes thematic trends, while three illustrative case vignettes (Uzbekistan, Finland, and Australia) supply contextual depth. Findings show that effective deployment of information services improves instructional quality, widens equitable access, and supports evidence-based management; however, gaps in digital literacy, data ethics, and sustainable funding hinder full realisation of these benefits. The article argues that strategic alignment between technological infrastructure, human capabilities, and regulatory frameworks is indispensable to convert informational affordances into educational value. Recommendations emphasise integrative governance models, continuous professional development, and culturally responsive content curation.

This article provides information about the literary legacy of the great master of words, Adib Sobir Termizi, his place in classical Eastern literature, his contributions to the development of genres such as qasida, ghazal, and qit’a, the main themes and stylistic features of his works, certain aspects of his poetic mastery, and the translations of his poetry into the Uzbek language.

In our article, we present theoretical information and solutions for comparative analysis within the framework of cognitive-pragmatic features encountered in the process of translating humorous texts. To achieve an adequate translation, it is necessary to consider several important aspects. Although linguistics has long been studying wordplay, which forms the basis for creating jokes and humor, the translator should consider how to reflect various features of the source language, such as cognitive-pragmatic characteristics and existing styles, in the target text. Particular attention should be paid to these elements, especially if they are used to create a sense of humor.

The concept contains the generalized content of a multitude of linguistic forms that combine a variety of observed phenomena and phenomena from the Ideal world, precisely in those spheres of human life that are predetermined by language and unthinkable without it.

The article provides information on the study of anthroponyms and nicknames in the linguistic landscape of the world in Uzbek linguistics, scientific works related to the term linguistic landscape of the world.

This article discusses the anthropocentric aspects of the acquisition of metaphorical meaning by words, the role of associative units and stereotypes in the formation of metaphors.

The article highlights the role of Berdakh, a prominent representative of 19th-century Karakalpak literature, as a creator of the epic genre, based on his epic works such as "Shajara," "Khorezm," "Aydos Bobo," "Ernazar Biy," "Amangeldi," and "Ravshan." The features of Berdakh's work in the epic form, the connection of these works with the typology of genres, the spirit of the people, and national values were analyzed. Also, the connection of 20th-century Karakalpak literature with Berdakh's traditions in the formation and development of epic prose genres is revealed. Based on the research of literary scholars, the role of Berdakh's epic creative heritage in the formation of Karakalpak written literature is emphasized.

The abstract concepts of "good" and "evil" are fundamental to human morality, ethics, and societal organization, yet their specific conceptualizations vary significantly across different cultures. This article explores the representation features of these national cultural concepts, particularly as they are embedded within the rich linguistic tapestry of proverbs. Drawing upon insights from cognitive and cultural linguistics, this study outlines a methodology for analyzing how "good" and "evil" are objectified and expressed in the proverbs of various linguistic cultures, such as Russian, English, Kyrgyz, and Circassian. By examining the semantic nuances, metaphorical expressions, and associated values within these traditional sayings, this review aims to highlight both universal moral inclinations and distinct cultural specificities. Understanding these culturally-bound conceptualizations is crucial for enhancing cross-cultural communication, appreciating diverse ethical frameworks, and recognizing the role of language in shaping collective mentality.

In linguistics, there are various methods of analyzing literary texts that allow us to study various aspects of the language and style of poets and writers. Below, we will focus on the most common and important methods of analysis aimed at analyzing the author's idiolect.

The problem of nature and human in a work of art has been one of the pressing problems of literary studies. In both world literary studies and uzbek literary studies, nature and its elements serve not as a background, but as a means of developing the plot and revealing the spiritual experiences of the charakters. This topic analyzes the relationship between human and nature, their influence on each other, harmony, and contradiction in the stories of Alisher Ibodinov, one of the modern uzbek writers.

In his literary activity, Alisher Navoi portrayed numerous historical figures, including characters from the pre-Islamic era. This article deals with the image of one such figure Nushiravan and examines its sufi interpretation within Navoi’s creative framework. The methodological approach is based on auto-interpretation, meaning the poet’s own hermeneutic lens. A selected couplet from Navoi’s ghazals serves as the basis for analysis, wherein the artistic imagery and symbolic essence are interpreted through a comparative lens alongside a character from the narrative poem “Hayrat ul-abror” (The Wonder of the Righteous). The study concludes that although Navoi’s literary tradition is historically situated within the Islamic period and geographical sphere, he often references figures from pre-Islamic history solely for their names or symbolic resonance, without aligning them ideologically with Islamic doctrine. Specifically, in the portrayal of Nushiravan, Navoi employs the figure as a symbolic vessel for conveying Sufi ethical ideals, rather than a historical or religious endorsement.

This study examines how evidentiality and temporal distance work together in Uzbek and English. It looks at how witnessed and non-witnessed events change the way time is expressed in two very different types of languages. This comparison study shows that there are consistent patterns in evidential-temporal encoding by looking at corpus data from Straughn's (2011) in-depth study of Uzbek evidential markers (-mish, ekan) and new research on English evidential strategies (Riddle, 2024). Uzbek shows grammaticalized evidential-temporal integration through morphological markers that naturally encode temporal-epistemic relationships. English, on the other hand, uses compositional lexical and syntactic strategies. The results support theoretical frameworks that say evidentiality is more than just marking the source of information; it's also a complex system that includes epistemic stance, temporal distance, and discourse organisation (Koev, 2017; Plungian, 2010). These results help us understand universal rules for how evidence and time interact, while also showing how different types of languages use them.

This study explores the etymological origins and development of aviation terminology in English and Uzbek. It examines how historical, linguistic, and cultural factors have influenced the formation and evolution of specialized aviation vocabulary in both languages. The research highlights the impact of language contact, particularly the influence of Russian and English on Uzbek aviation terms, as well as the role of borrowing, semantic shifts, and morphological adaptation. Through comparative and corpus-based analyses, the paper reveals similarities and differences in the lexical and semantic features of aviation lexicons, offering insights into challenges related to terminology standardization and translation. The findings contribute to linguistics, translation studies, and aviation communication by providing a better understanding of the dynamic processes shaping aviation language in a bilingual context.

This article presents a linguo-pragmatic analysis of the historical speech of Amir Temur as depicted in Muhammad Ali’s novel Buyuk Saltanat. Through the historical vocabulary, military terminology, and religious-philosophical concepts used in the character's speech, the study reveals aspects of medieval military strategy, psychological influence, social stratification, and communicative intentions. The research identifies underlying meanings and presuppositions, and compares the semantics of historical terms. The analysis highlights the semantic load, illocutionary force, and cultural relevance of speech units within their historical context. The study contributes to illustrating the relationship between language and thought through the examination of historical texts.

This article examines the emergence and development of postmodernism in French literature during the second half of the 20th century. The study identifies the key philosophical and aesthetic premises of postmodernism, analyzes their manifestation in the works of leading French writers, and explores the interplay between postmodernism and the broader socio-cultural context of postwar France. The study highlights the contributions of authors such as Alain Robbe-Grillet, Marguerite Duras, Philippe Sollers, and Jean-Philippe Toussaint, among others, and situates their works within the shifting paradigms of literary creation. Ultimately, the article asserts that postmodernism in French literature represents both a continuation and a rupture with previous traditions, offering new modes of narrative, experimentation, and critique that remain influential in the 21st century.

This article explores the linguocultural features of the Uzbek people's national culture, customs, rituals, and traditions associated with the concept of “bread.” Preserved throughout centuries and functioning as a distinguishing marker of Uzbek ethnoculture, the "bread" cultureme emerges as a symbol, model, and stereotype within national customs and practices. The study demonstrates how this concept operates as a linguistic and cultural constant and reflects broader sociocultural values deeply embedded in collective consciousness.

This article examines the literary function of internal conflict in the psychological construction of a character, with a focus on the works of Uzbek writer Abduqayum Yo‘ldosh. Through close analysis of the protagonist’s inner monologue in the novella “Sunbula’s First Saturday,” the study reveals how emotional ambivalence, moral hesitation, and inner contradictions reflect the protagonist’s personal growth and ethical awakening. The research demonstrates that internal conflict is not only a structural narrative device but also a psychological instrument for conveying deep emotional states and subjective reality. The paper draws on the concepts of psychological realism and literary psychology to highlight how internal struggles such as guilt, shame, and conscience form the backbone of character development in modern Uzbek prose.

This article will deeply analyze proverbs and its special features as well, the image of women, their differencial types and useage on it.