International Journal Of Literature And Languages
58
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
PAGE NO.
58-60
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue05-16
General Lexocal Layer for The Slangs of Samarkand
Eshankulov Dilmurod Khurramovich
Uzbekistan State Foreign Languages University, the teacher of the department of Native Language and Literature, Researcher of the
university of Native Language and Literature, named for Alisher Navai, Uzbekistan
Received:
18 March 2025;
Accepted:
14 April 2025;
Published:
16 May 2025
Abstract:
Three articles discuss words common to the Surkhandarya Karluk and Kipchak dialects and to Turkic
languages. The original Uzbek words that form the basis of the Uzbek language also form the basis of other
dialects, Surkhandarya Karluk and Kipchak dialects. It is reported that such words, with some phonetic differences,
are also common to other related Turkic languages.
Keywords:
T
urkic language, karluk, kipchak, oghuz, arkador, “Devani lugatit
-
turk”, yenchi, bazalka, all
-Turkic
lexical layer.
Introduction:
There is the big similarity among the
actual turkic words in the lexical layer of the language
of the local turkic population. These similar words
express the most important perception and used in
similar situations. However, there are some words
which are pronounced differently with obeying the
phonetic rules of their language. It means that when we
talk about the general words in turkic language, we
should pay attention to their fundamental and
typological features more compared to their phonetic
ones. When we attend the dictionary of the slang
lexicology, we can see a lot of uzbek simple words.
General words for Uzbek language and uzbek slangs are
not appropriate for only one turkic language, they are
classified in the lexicology of turkic nations and
considered the main source of the foundation of their
lexicology.
Literature review
General uzbek simple words are the main foundation
for Surkhandarya and Karluk slangs. These words have
the mutuality with other relative turkic languages with
some phonetic difference. For example, we see some
words such as, og‘a, ag‘a, ove, ag‘uz, arka, arqa, bag‘ur,
dash, gash, burun,
yalo‘sh: ag‘a, auo‘z, bao‘o‘z, bao‘o‘r,
yagush and so on.
These general turkic words express the real perception
and are acted like reserve for their forms. We can not
classify them that they are always for uzbek literary
words and particular dialect.
There are the words which are included in turkic
written sources and are evolved in the lexicology of
Surkhandarya and Karluk slangs. This perception is
available in the popular work “Devani lugatit at
-
turk”
belonged to Makhmud Koshgari. Now we will see some
words in Surkhandarya slang in “Devani lugatit at
-
Turk”. Told with
-
j alqo‘ndi, Told with
-y olqune- the
dregs of soap, alqindi-finished; told with - j avradi-lied,
told with -y anduz-mountain onion, anduz- the root of
plant dug in the ground: told with -
j axo‘r
-manger: told
with -
j, ovro‘ndi, told with
-y, frustrated, feel upset
(“Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk”).
These words above came to our age with some
phonetic changes.
These words in Surkhandarya slangs totally confirms
the point of view belongs to A.Ishaye
v: “A lot of
language facts that are in the historical sources in XI
century were saved in karluk, kipchak and oguz more.”
METHODOLOGY
These words we are discussing today came to us with
some phonetic and semantic changes. As time goes by,
as the language sphere develops, they are far from
their actual meaning and form. For instance, alang-
yalang, smooth (“Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk” 1.154), eleng
-
the soil in stream; alchaq-
emotional (“Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk”1.162), engere
-the area where people have taken
crops (“Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk” 1.120), oeloq
-lamb
(Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk”1,141), suyel
-sugal; sogal-ill
(Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk”1,375), Tag‘a
-
uncle (“Devoni
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
59
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
lug‘atit
-
turk” 256).
When we attend these words in chronological way, we
can see that today they lost their past meaning and
form. Professor Sh. Shoabdurakhmonov said: “Being far
from the phonetic and semantic way are evolved with
the loss of old qualities”.
There are some words in the lexical layer of
Surkhandarya and Karluk slang, which are not used in
daily uzbek conversations, but still available in turkic
literary languages. For example, told with -
j: bo‘lto‘r
-
last year, buldo‘r (“Devoni lug‘atit
-
turk”, 1425), in
Kazak language bo‘ldo‘r, In Tatar language bildir,
shaxal-
shoxal (jackal) let’s compare: in Karakal
pak
language-
shag‘al, in nugay language
-shakal.
RESULT
Although the common uzbek language, its dialects, and
specifically the lexical composition of the Surkhandarya
uzbek dialects share certain similarities with the lexical
structure of literary Turkic languages, many words
found in the dialects are unique to the Uzbek language
itself. Sometimes, a word may exist in several Turkic
languages, but its semantic scope may differ. For
example, the word basalqa in the Surkhandarya Uzbek
dialect refers to “child
ren born closely one after
another”, whereas in Kazakh, basalqa means “to give
advice” [Shoabdurahmonov, 1961; p. 285]. Regardless
of such semantic differences, these words still form
part of the shared Turkic lexical layer.
In the Surkhandarya dialects, some words have been
formed by adding native Uzbek suffixes or affixes
borrowed from other languages, or by combining two
words to create new dialect-specific meanings:
1. Words specific to the dialect formed by adding Uzbek
suffixes to Uzbek root words: bu
ro‘m
-bur-im (curve),
yenchi-yenche (a person who restrains lambs during a
game), uyrim-uyur-im (whirlpool), kuligich-kul-igich
(laugh lines on the face), achguch-
achg‘och (key),
qirg‘o‘ch
-qir-
go‘ch (a small ladle), xekkelik
-xekke-lik
(sensitivity).
2. Words formed by adding Tajik suffixes to Uzbek root
words:
orqador
(a
quick-tempered
person),
emchekdesh (milk sibling), doyrebent (dam or barrier),
telpekdo‘z (hat maker), arqatarash (from the verb “to
shave”).
3. Compound words whose components are known in
standard Uzbek, but the compound form is dialect-
specific: yeryog‘e (kerosene), qolag‘och (a club used to
pound at the end), xoppasu (to fall flat), ochatoli (thigh
meat of livestock).
Some of these are also used in other Uzbek dialects or
certain Turkic languages. Another factor confirming the
diversity of Uzbek dialects is that a single concept in
different dialects may be expressed by entirely
different lexemes, which do not resemble one another
in form but convey the same meaning. For example, the
wor
d for “stairs” is expressed differently in dialects:
narvon (Tashkent), shoti (Fergana), zanggi (Khorezm).
Similarly: Tashk. og‘ir // Ferg. Keli // Khorezm. so:qi
(heavy), Tashk. rovach // And. chukri (flour sifter),
Tashk. qidir // Ferg. ista (to search)
—
these differences
are considered lexical variations [Shoabdurahmonov,
1961; p. 285]. In the Karluk dialect of Surkhandarya,
many such words exist.
For instance, in local speech the phrase “shippa borib,
shippa qayt” is often used. The word shippa in thi
s
context carries the meaning of g‘irillab (quickly, lightly).
In standard Uzbek, the meaning of shippa can be
rendered by words like tez (fast), darrov (immediately),
or the idiom oyoqni qo‘lga olib (to move quickly).
Example: Yahyobek magazinga shippa borib, shippa
qayt (Vakhshivor). In the sentence Ustung janda
bo‘sayam ganda bo‘lmasun (Xon…), the word ganda
refers to dirty or unclean clothing. In the phrase qoyish
qillik, the word qoyish means “to agree” or “to give
consent” in literary Uzbek.
Upon analyzing the collected material, it was found
that many of the dialect words belong to the noun
category
—
as is typical in most languages
—
and make
up the core of the Karluk dialect lexicon. It is
particularly notable that in the studied region, the
majority of dialectal words belong to the noun
category.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It should be noted that the Karluk dialect of
Surkhandarya contains lexical layers that encompass all
areas of human activity, and many of its words and
terms correspond to those found in literary Uzbek. For
instance, to express the concept of “condensation that
falls in the form of small droplets due to temperature
drop at night during spring, summer, and autumn,” the
literary Uzbek uses shabnam or shudring. In the Karluk
dial
ect, however, the word chig‘// chiq is used in the
same sense, thus forming a synonymic relationship
with shabnam and shudring: Ertalap bog‘ga chiqib
qarasam chig‘ tushepte (Vakhshivor).
Moreover, chig‘ can also mean “thin frost
-like particles
on the surfa
ce of the ground or objects,” making it
synonymous with the literary qirov (frost). As noted by
S. Rahimov, in Sariosiyo district, the word chig‘ is also
used with the meaning of qirov: Ertalab chig‘ tushepte
[Rahimov S. “Dictionary of Surxondaryo Uzbek
Di
alects”, 1995; p. 117].
From the given data, it is clear that chig‘ is a homonym
(referring to both shudring and qirov, which are
different natural phenomena) and forms a semantic
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
overlap with both terms in literary Uzbek.
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