International Journal Of Literature And Languages
51
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
PAGE NO.
51-55
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue04-14
Cognitive-Discursive Analysis of The Concept
«Soul/Ruwx» In English And Karakalpak Poetry
Mukhammadiyarov Aydos Joldasbaevich
Ph.D. student of Nukus State Pedagogica Institute named after Ajiniyaz, Uzbekistan
Received:
24 February 2025;
Accepted:
20 March 2025;
Published:
23 April 2025
Abstract:
This article explores the concept of «Soul/Ruwx» through a cognitive-discursive lens, integrating insights
from linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Recognizing the relative novelty of discourse
analysis in Karakalpak linguistics, this study draws upon established frameworks in English and world linguistics to
analyze references in texts. Utilizing cognitive-discursive analysis informed by the theories of Saussure, Lakoff,
and Johnson, the research examines how the concept of «Soul/Ruwx» is linguistically constructed and
communicated. By analyzing examples by Byron’s and I.Yusupov’s poems, the study identifies key linguistic
elements, including references, grammatical connections, and stylistic devices, that contribute to the
conceptualization and expression of the soul. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the cross-
linguistic and cultural dimensions of abstract concepts, highlighting the interplay between language, cognition,
and discourse in shaping human understanding.
Keywords:
Cognitive-discursive analysis (CDA), refer, demonstrative, time and place, reference, anaphoric,
cataphoric.
Introduction:
In recent times, many aspects of
language science have been explored, and a significant
div of work and efforts have been created; however,
there are still objects that need to be studied
comparatively across languages. This comparative
study enhances the utility of any linguistic discipline.
Today, in higher education institutions, the teaching of
"discourse analysis" has been widely established for
students of English language and literature at the
second level. In the curriculum, language aspects are
presented in a holistic manner, incorporating two
subjects: discourse analysis and communicative
lexicon. Discourse analysis teaches the relationships
between everyday texts, language, and its usage. It
developed alongside various disciplines such as
linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology, and
sociology in the 1960s and 1970s. According to
McCarthy, discourse analysis is a field that studies all
written texts and everyday human communication,
meaning spoken language.
Literature Review
we analyze references in texts through linguistic
science. In English linguistics, studies on text linguistics
and references have been conducted by scholars such
as Zellig Harris (1952), Dell Hymes (1964), Austin
(1962), Searle (1969), Grice (1975), Levinson (1983),
Leech (1983), Halliday (1973), Coulthard and Sinclair
(1975), Van Dijk (1972), and De Beaugrande (1980). In
the field of world linguistics, there are research works
by I.Ya. Galperin, K. Kozhevnikov, Ye.A. Referovskaya,
G.Ya. Solganik, V.G. Han, M.V. Lyapon, O.I.
Moskalskaya, A.A. Metsler, O.L. Kamenskaya, and
others. In contrast, in Karakalpak linguistics, this is
considered a new branch of science.
In the first chapter, based on the theories of Ferdinand
de Saussure and George Lakoff with Mark Johnson , we
aim to reveal another aspect of the concept of
"Soul/Руўх" through cognitive
-discursive analysis by
continuing our work in three different areas: discourse
analysis and grammatical-stylistic analysis.
In Michael McCarthy's scholarly work (Discourse
Analysis for Language Teachers), grammatical
connections are classified in terms of references,
ellipsis/substitution, and conjunction. In English,
references are explained through pronouns such as he,
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
she, it, him, they, this, that, these, those, etc., as well
as through articles a, an, and the. For example, "The
schoolmaster was leaving the village and everydiv
seemed sorry."
Here, the schoolmaster refers to a respected teacher
who has been a part of the village community.
Therefore, in this example, the terms schoolmaster and
village are used in a connected manner, while
everydiv refers to the people in that place, allowing
us to clearly identify who is feeling sorry. The article
"the" serves as a demonstrative pronoun similar to
"this," "that," and "those," while "everydiv" functions
as a collective pronoun meaning "all" or "everyone.
METHOD
Cognitive-discursive analysis of the concept of "soul" is
a way to explore how we think and talk about the idea
of the soul in our everyday lives. This approach
combines insights from cognitive linguistics, which
looks at how our minds shape our understanding of
concepts, with discourse analysis, which examines how
language is used in real-life situations.
When we analyze the concept of "soul," we pay
attention to the words and phrases people use, the
metaphors they employ, and the stories they tell. This
helps us understand not just what the soul means to
different cultures and communities, but also how these
meanings affect the way we communicate with one
another.
RESULTS
Child Harold’s Piligrimage
Childe Harold was he hight:
—
but whence his name
And lineage long, it suits me not to say;
Suffice it, that perchance they were of fame,
And had been glorious in another day…
Pálekli qosta túnew
Tań sáhárden jolǵa túsemiz jáne,
Uyqíńdí pitirip al, janím qáne,
Jas uyqí tez qanbas.
Qarama maǵan,
Men kóp uyqílaǵanaman óz ómirimde.
Here are several examples for references in dicourse
analysis (CDA). For example, in Byron’s poem: Child
Harld with he, his personal and possessive pronouns as
well as general notion “fame”. In Esenin’s: general
concepts like мечтатель (dreamer), эту жизнь
(this
life), земле (earth), другими (means people living
together) and in I.Yusupov’s: tań sáhár (early morning),
uyqí (sleeping), ómir (life).
In English, references are divided into two types:
1. Exophoric.
2. Endophoric.
Endophoric, in turn, is divided into two types:
1. Anaphoric.
2. Cataphoric.
Exophoric reference is very similar to common words in
the Karakalpak language in terms of their lexical
meaning and functional service. Because exophoric
references in English (the Queen, the Pope, the Army,
the car, the kids, the dog, the luggage, the city etc.) and
in Karakalpak (адам, нан, китап, күн, түн, суў, таў,
жер, қуяш, жарық, қараңғы, ат, жылқы etc.) are used
with concepts that are common to most people. There
are aspects in the Karakalpak language that perform
the function of references, but since it is a new field, it
does not yet have fully Karakalpak scientific terms.
Therefore, we analyzed them directly with the English
terms.
If the motorbike was huge, it was nothing to the man
sitting astride it.
Қараңғы түсиўден
-
ақ түлки сайдан шықты.
In the examples, the words 'the motorbike'
(мотоцикл), 'the man' (адам), 'darkness' (қараңғы),
and 'fox' (түлки) are considered common concepts
shared by everyone. Furthermore, both references and
commonly used words are directly related to time and
space."
Let us take 2 poems namely, from G.Byron and
I.Yusupov’s poetry.
…And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;…
Where thoughts serenely sweet express,
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
She walks in Beauty
Brestte tas erip, temir taplandí,
Sońǵí demge deyin shayqastí soldat…
Aǵar dárya bolsa íshqí
-muhabbat,
Dúnyada shól qalmay gúllener edi.
…Olar Xirosima hám Osvensimdi…
Kewil-
bir gózzal baǵ, tárbiyat etip…
…Jazsań arzír onín qulpí tasína..
Tasqa kógergen gúl
From the examples above, we can see phrases related
to the concept of space. For example, in English: 'in her
aspect and in her eyes,' 'dwelling-
place' (оныӊ
көзлеринде, жасаў аймағында). And in Karakalpak:
'Brestte,' 'Dúnyada' (in the world), 'Xirosima,'
'Osvensim,' 'qulpí tusína' (grave). There are also well-
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
known city names like Tverskoy, Brest, Xirosima, and
Osvensim. But Byron used to show the special places in
the poem by writing the phrases “in her aspect and in
her eyes” and “dwelling place” are the
place to meet
for thoughts. I think the author here was going to mean
the thinking and mind of two people who fall in love
with each other. In addition, Yusupov expressed the
word ‘kewil’ with another context as a place where
people grow and see as a garden. But it means an
abstract part in which lives in human div. In the last
lines of the poem, the speaker is trying to show the
memory spot with “qulpí tasína” where people go after
this life.
Now, let's examine lexical units that express the time
coordinate, which directly affects the spirit. Byron:
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express,
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
In the examples, the author has used several words and
phrases related to time, but they are chosen solely to
reveal the beauty of his beloved. Although mentions of
encounter or other times are made, he prefers to use
them as descriptive tools. Especially at the very
beginning, 'She walks in beauty, like the night,' where
'the night' is actually a time phrase, but it is taken to
enhance the beautiful girl by contrasting light and
darkness with conditions like 'gaudy day' and 'grace'.
See 'grace.' The author has used the present simple
tense to describe the character in most cases, so it is
about the present time. For example, She walks in
beauty. According to the Cambridge English Dictionary
online, its 5th meaning is - a period of time left or
allowed before something happens or before
something must be done (this is a period of time left or
allowed before something happens or before
something must be done).
The exams have been postponed, so the students have
a few days' grace before they start. (Imtixanlar keyinge
qaldırıldı, sonlıqtan studentlerde baslawdan aldın
birneshe kún "náziklik" bar.)
I.Yusupov:
Adam adam bolíp tilge kelgeli,
Dástanlar dóretip, qosíqlar jazíp,
Óz-
ózin túsinip bolǵan joq ele,
Adam tastan qattí, gúlden de názik.
Insan iynindegi júktiń awírín
Artsań, asqar taw da íńírana baslar.
Qus shoqísa Prometeydiń bawírín,
Adam tózer, lekin tózbeydi taslar.
Sol qara taslardí jaríp báhárde,
Ósken gúldi kórip janíń qulazíp,
Maqtaníp, eljirep oylarsań hám de:
“Adam tastan qattí, gúlden de názik”.
Brestte tas erip, temir taplandí,
Sońǵí demge deyin shayqastí soldat.
Karbishev muzladí, Gastello jandí,
Táslim bolǵanda da tas penen polat.
Biraq máńgi tariyx otína olar,
Mártlik otí menen kettiler jazíp
–
Bul jazílǵ
an bes sóz bílay oqílar,
“Adam tastan qattí, gúlden de názik”.
Insan kewlindegi miyrim-shápáát,
Eger quyash bolsa, tas gúller edi.
Aǵar dárya bolsa íshqí
-muhabbat,
Dúnyada shól qalmay gúllener edi.
Sońǵí nanín berip óz joldasína,
Adam jíǵíladí júregi saz
íp,
Jazsań arzír oníń qulpí tasína:
“Adam tastan qattí, gúlden de názik”.
Doslíq, miyrim ushín keń qushaq ashqan,
Bul zamanda ozíq aqíl-zeyinler,
Ot hám suw, pal hám uw tabístí qashshan,
Tabísalmay atír biraq peyiller.
Olar Xirosima hám Osvensimdi,
Dúnyaǵa tańbaqshí aqíldan azíp.
Qíyraǵan tirishilik taxtína hám de
“Adam tastan qattí…” dep qoymaq jazíp.
Kewil
–
bir gózzal baǵ, tárbiyat etip,
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
Tatlí miywasín jep, aralaw múmkin.
Bir jíllí júz benen waqtín xosh etip,
Bir jíllí sóz benen jaralaw múmkin.
Gúllensin dep insan kewliniń baǵí,
Baǵman gúl egedi táńirge jazíp,
Gúldi jenship keter maldíń tuyaǵí,
Al adamníń kewli gúlden de názik.
Adamzat dúnyaǵa kelgeli beri,
Jaqsílíq-jamanlíq oyínín oynap,
Kimligin túsine almay ózleri,
Qansha kitap jazar baslarín qíynap.
Adamzattíń minezlemesin maǵan,
Dál, tolíq súwretlep ber dese jazíp,
Aytar edim xalíqtíń naqílín oǵan:
“Adam tastan qattí, gúlden de názik.”
The author has used time-related phrases such as
'Adam adam bolíp tilge kelgeli' (from the coming stage
of people in this nature), 'ele' (till now), 'báhárde' (in
Spring), 'sońǵí demge' (till death), and 'tariyx' (historical
period). These phrases, as far as possible, conceptualize
how to understand life, and they are so skillfully used
that they create a beautiful form. See the table below:
Names
Phrases for time
Phrases for spot
George Byron
gaudy days; she walks
in her aspect and her
eyes
;
dwelling-place
Ibrayim Yusupov
Adam adam bolíp tilge
kelgeli
(from the coming
stage of people in this
nature);
ele
(till
now);
báhárde
(in Spring);
sońǵí
demge
(till the death);
tariyx
Brestte, Dúnyada (in the
world),
Xirosima,
Osvensim, qulpí tusína
(grave)
DISCUSSION
This analysis highlights the multifaceted nature of
reference in both English and Karakalpak languages,
revealing both shared characteristics and unique
contextual considerations. As the translated materials
illustrate, the fundamental division of reference into
exophoric and endophoric categories, further
subdivided into anaphoric and cataphoric, provides a
useful framework for understanding how meaning is
constructed through linguistic elements pointing to
entities within or outside the discourse.
The strong parallel between exophoric reference and
common nouns in Karakalpak is particularly
noteworthy. As evidenced by examples such as "the
Queen" and "адам" (person), both languages rely on
shared cultural and experiential knowledge to ground
these references, creating immediate understanding
within a given community. This reliance on shared
understanding underscores the importance of cultural
context in interpreting language.
However, the translated materials also point to a
critical need for further development of Karakalpak
scientific terminology in the field of reference. While
the foundational concepts can be readily understood
through English equivalents, the lack of established
Karakalpak terms necessitates a direct engagement
with English-language frameworks. This highlights the
ongoing process of linguistic evolution and adaptation
within the Karakalpak language, particularly in the face
of new areas of study.
Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the crucial role
of time and space in shaping the meaning of references.
The examples provided, ranging from English phrases
like "in her eyes" and "dwelling-place" to Karakalpak
terms like "Brestte" and "qulpí tusína" (grave),
demonstrate how references are inherently grounded
in specific spatial and temporal contexts. The quote
from Byron, analyzed in the Karakalpak text, further
underscores this point, revealing how seemingly time-
related phrases are skillfully employed to create vivid
imagery and evoke emotional responses. The author's
use of present simple further grounds the character
within a specific time frame.
Finally, the analysis reveals the author's adept
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
manipulation of time-related concepts in the later
examples. Phrases such as "Adam adam bolíp tilge
kelgeli" (from the coming stage of people in this nature)
and "sońǵí demge" (till death) demonstrate a
sophisticated conceptualization of life's journey and a
skillful use of language to create evocative and
beautiful expressions.
CONCLUSION
The study of reference in Karakalpak, informed by
established English linguistic frameworks, reveals a
dynamic interplay between shared linguistic principles
and culturally specific nuances. Further research and
the development of dedicated Karakalpak terminology
are essential to fully explore the complexities of this
crucial aspect of language. Further analysis could
investigate how different genres or registers within
Karakalpak utilize reference in distinct ways.
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