Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
98
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
98-105
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article delves into the intricate landscape of synonymy within modern English slang, offering a comprehensive
exploration of the nuanced variations and overlapping meanings of slang terms. As a dynamic and ever-evolving
aspect of language, slang often presents a rich tapestry of words and expressions that exhibit varying degrees of
synonymy, reflecting the diversely expressive nature of contemporary colloquial speech. By scrutinizing the
phenomenon of synonymy in modern English slang, this article seeks to unravel the subtle shifts in meaning, usage
and connotation that underlie the lexicon of slang, shedding light on the fluidity and adaptability of language within
informal and subcultural communicative spheres. This investigation aims to unravel the contextual and sociolinguistic
underpinnings of synonymy in slang, offering insights into the intricate layers of linguistic innovation, social identity
and communicative diversity inherent within modern English slang.
KEYWORDS
Paradigmatic relationships, synonymy, identity, affinity, acronymic formations, similarity, referent, quasi.
INTRODUCTION
It has been stated over and over again that slang, much
more so than other language variants, has a tendency
towards the creation of a lexicon of its own.
We can anticipate that no generalizations are possible
for the whole slang lexicon, but tendencies can be
identified within specific areas of slang and for certain
slang terms.
Our core hypothesis is that slang refuses the standard
organization and either develops a different one, with
its own forms, dimensions and interactions among the
system
components,
or
substitutes
it
with
disorganization, showing a tendency towards
randomness and unpredictability [3, 54].
Research Article
SYNONYMY IN MODERN ENGLISH SLANG
Submission Date:
December 02, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 07, 2023,
Published Date:
December 12, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue12-17
Norova Mavluda Fayzulloyevna
Associate Professor, Doctor Of Philosophy In Philology Of The Department Of English Language At Bukhara
State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali Ibn Sino, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal of Pedagogics
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
98-105
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The key question from which our research starts is
‘How are words, meanings and concepts organized
within the slang lexicon?’.
Semantic theories develop various approaches to
meaning description and lexical organization. Two
approaches which appear particularly relevant to our
semantic description view the lexicon as structured
into either semantic fields or conceptual frames.
Within semantic field theories words applicable to a
common conceptual domain are organized within
semantic fields by paradigmatic relationships
(synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.),
called ‘meaning (or sense) relations’. Meaning
relations connect members of selected sets of lexical
items: e.g., the names of the days of the week
(Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.) can be defined by
means of the ‘part of’ relationship (meronymy) that
they hold to the word naming the entire cycle of seven
days, i.e. week [6, 78].
By contrast, within frame semantics, words are not
related to each other directly, but by way of their links
to common background frames (also called ‘domains’
or ‘knowledge schemata’). That is, in a frame
-based
description, the above terms would be related to the
more complete system of Calendric Terms, including
common nouns (day, week), as well as the names of
the days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.), special
categories such as fortnight and week-end, and wider
categories (month, year).
Organization enables the system to stay away from
total randomness, makes some states impossible or
highly improbable given certain constraints, and
reduces the overall complexity of the system [8, 15].
Let us now investigate whether the slang lexical
system accepts this type of structural organization,
and, if so, whether its behaviour is in any way
predictable and describable in terms of established
meaning relations and regular patterns.
Within an organized lexical area, each lexeme (or
micro-system) can be first of all described in terms of
its relations with the other system components.
Moving from Croft and Cruse, the primary
paradigmatic relations that I have found useful for my
research include: Relation of identity, similarity or
synonymy (X equals Y, as in happy = glad).
Synonymy is a relation of affinity which links two
phonologically different words having a very similar
meaning. In English slang synonymy is a profuse
phenomenon.
1.
Heroin (smack, horse, H, Chinese - when
combined with cocaine it is called a snowball).
May be sniffed, or burned and then inhaled
(chasing the dragon) or injected.
2.
Cocaine (coke, snow, freebase, crack).
Psychologically addictive.
3.
LSD (acid, trips, blotters, blue, smileys). A
powerful hallucinogen. Few try it more than
once.
4.
From left to right: amphetamines (or speed);
cannabis (grass, marijuana or pot); hashish
resin (which is derived from the Indian hemp
plant like cannabis) and ecstasy tabs.
Following Lyons, the meaning of an expression (sense)
is a property of language, and is not to be equated with
the object or concept the expression may be used by
speakers to refer to (reference): i.e., the Morning Star
and the Evening Star have different meanings (senses)
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal of Pedagogics
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
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:
98-105
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
but both refer to the planet Venus. Similarly, the slang
expressions smack and horse have different senses,
but both refer to heroin, i.e. denote heroin in the real
world [11, 19].
Extracts above show that each standard drug name
(i.e. amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD)
corresponds to a set of slang terms. For instance,
heroin is called Chinese, H, horse or smack by drug
addicts, cocaine is often referred to as coke, freebase
or snow, and cannabis as grass or pot. Such slang terms
can be considered exact, absolute or perfect synonyms
because they have the same referent in the real word,
belong to the same syntactic category, and are
therefore mutually substitutable, or, more precisely,
they are interchangeably used in drug addicts’
conversations. On the other hand, they are not exact
synonyms to the comparable standard English words
[13, 98].
5.
Tests were being carried out on suspected
drugs thought to include heroin, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD
and cannabis.
In effect, none of the standard drug names in (5) can
be substituted by a slang co-referent without making
the sentence appear anomalous, as in Tests were being
carried out on suspected drugs thought to include
heroin, ecstasy, snow, LSD and cannabis.
Nor are the afore-mentioned slang terms exact
synonyms for other slang words used in a different
context, which may highlight different shades of
meaning. For example, junk, a slang word referring to
drugs in general or heroin in particular, assumes
negative connotations which are not present in H or
smack, and it is in fact used by non-addicts, as in (6):
6.
‘It’s an article on junk,’ he said. ‘Junk?’ ‘Drugs.
It’s for the features department’ [16, 14].
Synonymy in slang is a rather intricate sense relation,
and many factors may enter at play when establishing
whether or not two slang words are totally
synonymous.
For
instance,
the
geographical
collocation or the origin of the words under
examination may determine their perfect (vs. partial,
near or quasi) synonymy. In fact, two different regional
variants are not mutually substitutable. Compare
furphy with scuttlebutt in (7)-(8) below:
7.
The persistent rumour that they were
introduced to check ragwort is a furphy.
8.
The scuttlebutt says their contracts were not
yet signed and that the pair were holding out for better
terms and conditions.
Both terms have the same meaning/referent -
i.e. ‘a
false
report or rumour’
- but furphy is Australian slang,
while scuttlebutt is American slang, or at least, it was
originally. Hence, the two words are not perfect but
partial synonyms [20, 73].
On the other hand, motormouth and big mouth, which
both originated and are used in American English to
mean ‘a very talkative or boastful person’, are perfect
synonyms, as (9)-(10) show:
9.
‘Stow it, motormouth,’ she said, smiling
sheepishly, ‘and drink your coffee’.
10.
‘You big mouth! Get out! Get out of here!’
Another crucial criterion which may determine perfect
synonymy is the morphological form of the words. For
instance, the two adjectives fubar and snafu meaning
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
‘confused, messed up’ are both American acronymic
formations and therefore perfect synonyms:
11.
This
was my grandfather’s and it works just
fine... My wristwatch, on the other hand, is still FUBAR.
12.
Last week U.S. citizens knew that gasoline
rationing and rubber requisitioning were snafu.
Following the same criterion, the lexical phrases dog’s
breakfast and dog’s dinner meaning ‘a mess’ are
likewise synonymous:
13.
He can’t make head or tail of it... It’s a complete
dog’s breakfast.
14.
The influential Georgian Group described the
main frontage of the scheme as a dog’s dinner
yesterday.
And so are the exocentric compounds oddball and
screwball used as nouns to denote ‘an eccentric or odd
person’
or, attributively, to mean ‘eccentric, strange’:
15.
Bernie was seen as a bit of an oddball -
although not by me.
16.
He was a scientist, but whether brilliant or a
screwball nodiv ever knew.
In delving into the intricacies of “Synonymy in Modern
Engli
sh Slang,” this study has revealed a fascinating
interplay of linguistic adaptability, cultural resonance,
and social identity within informal language usage.
Through a nuanced analysis of diverse examples, we
have unveiled the dynamic and multifaceted nature of
synonymy, showcasing its pivotal role in expressing
nuances, diversity, and group affiliations within various
linguistic communities. This exploration has not only
shed light on the evolving landscape of synonymy in
modern English slang but has also underscored its
capacity to mirror and influence contemporary cultural
nuances. As language continues to serve as a reflection
of societal shifts and individual expression, this inquiry
contributes to a deeper understanding of linguistic
innovation, sociocultural dynamics, and the ever-
changing nature of informal language. The study of
synonymy in modern English slang stands as a crucial
means by which we unravel the rich tapestry of human
communication and communal identity, providing
insights that resonate deeply within the broader
context of language and society.
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Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
105
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
98-105
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
58.
Rasulov, Z. (2023). ПРИНЦИПЫ ЭКОНОМИИ
ФОНАЦИОННОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ. ЦЕНТР НАУЧНЫХ
ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ (buxdu. uz), 42(42).
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