International Journal of Pedagogics
14
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijp
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
14-17
10.37547/ijp/Volume05Issue03-04
The concept of state administration, institutional
structure of state authority bodies
Xasanov Miralisher Mirsaid o‘g‘li
Independent Researcher, National University of Uzbekistan
Received:
03 January 2025;
Accepted:
05 February 2025;
Published:
07 March 2025
Abstract:
This article deals with scientific and theoretical research on the set of norms and rules regulating political
relations between organizations and people in the state administration, management system as the
“Institutionalized Authority”
.
Keywords:
State and society, state authority, management, political institution, authority, institutionalized
authority.
Introduction:
As it is known that management is a
universal and necessary feature of the world around us.
Management is a necessity, without management it is
impossible to direct the activities of people towards the
goal, to develop relevant areas. Where there is no
management, chaos and confusion arise. In this regard,
when studying state administration from the
perspective of its essence, it is necessary to find
reasonable answers to such questions as: to whom
does power belong in the state, who is its subject,
which stratum, group, class of society does the state
primarily represent and protect its interests, its main
components, internal structure, the main methods of
exercising state power, that is, how is power organized
in a particular state? Which state bodies are
responsible for governance? What are the procedures
for organizing and the powers of these bodies? [1]. In
the history of political and legal doctrines, concepts
suc
h as “state”, “society”, “administration” have been
approached differently, and the reason for this can be
seen, firstly, in the socio-political situation prevailing in
each era, and secondly, in the fact that different criteria
are used as a basis.
If we look at it from the perspective of the teachings of
Eastern and Western thinkers, or, in particular, from
Plato's views on social inequality in society and building
a just ideal state, it can be noted that management is a
process of activity related to the consciousness and
behavior of people, a set of preferential measures
aimed at regulating certain tasks. Thus, public
administration is carried out within the framework of
subjective factors and represents the managerial
influence of civil servants on others in the material,
social, spiritual spheres, and on people engaged in
production. Also, the development of the country's
political, economic and social spheres requires the
implementation of modernization processes in all
systems of management in order to achieve high
results in these areas. Of course, the implementation of
these ambitious goals is determined primarily by how
well
the
management
personnel
meet
the
requirements of the current era. In general, the
effectiveness of all sectoral mechanisms in society is
also measured by how well the personnel of the
management system are prepared for the current
conditions. For example, the implementation of tasks
in areas of leadership, including management,
planning, organization, decision-making, and the
provision of public services, directly depends on the
methods
of
implementing
technologies
for
implementing the innovative target strategy of
managerial personnel policy.
Literature review
In particular, in the Middle Ages, ideas about the state,
society, and justice were widely promoted, especially
by Central Asian scholars. The great scholar Abu Nasr
al-Farabi, for the first time in Eastern philosophy,
emphasized the need to introduce just governance in
International Journal of Pedagogics
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International Journal of Pedagogics (ISSN: 2771-2281)
the country in order to build a virtuous society. His
works, such as “The City of Virtuous People”, “The Book
of Laws”, “A Treatise on the Ways to Achieve
Happiness”, “Managing the City”, “Virtuous Behaviors”,
describe the level of social life, its function, the origin,
composition and types of public associations, and talk
about the forms of human society. In his time, the
scientist clarified such concepts as the city-state; the
characteristics and essence of the state association; the
functions of the state and its forms of governance; the
tasks and ultimate goal of the state association; the
ways and methods of achieving universal unification.
Farabi considers the emergence of the state and its
activities to be the result of the natural desire of people
to unite. He believes that the ultimate goal of every
person is to achieve happiness. Al-Farabi emphasizes
that the normal existence of the state largely depends
on how it is governed, therefore he attaches great
importance to the personality of the ruler. The ruler,
according to Al-Farabi, must have certain intellectual
and moral qualities; know the general laws of
governance and be able to lead the people of his
country to follow him, directing them to achieve
general well-being. Al-Farabi, reflecting on the forms of
governance, lists the internal and external functions of
the state. The effectiveness of these functions (internal
- ensuring the happiness of citizens; external -
protecting the city) depends on the rational
organization of governance. Al-Farabi includes
autocracy, governance of the country by a small group,
and the power of a ruler elected by the people. “Only
rational
politics
strengthens
the
rights
and
responsibilities of a person in society,” the thinker
believes [2].
Indeed, the essence of the state is characterized, first
of all, by the implementation of such functions as
regulating and improving the private, collective and
social life of people in their relations with society. After
all, the social function of the state is the form of its legal
relationship with society. One of the forms of
determining the foundations of statehood is precisely
the “social state”, which implements its goals and
principles in this regard on the basis of legal statehood.
At the same time, the traditions of the “virtuous city”,
“virtuous society”, put forward i
n the views of Farabi in
forming the foundations of civil society, expanding
human rights and freedoms, and filling legal norms with
the content of justice, are reflected in the goals and
tasks inherent in the “social
-
legal state”.
The development of the social and legal state
accelerated in 1960-1975 in connection with the
introduction of minimum social standards by the
“European Social Charter” and the International
Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. By
this time, the social state began to be defined as a
model of state power organization based on the social
security of the individual. The principle of “civil society”
was established as the basis of such a state. From this
period, the social and legal state began to be
recognized as a political institution that creates stable
legal, economic and social conditions for civil society
[3].
Nizam al-Mulk, who left an indelible mark on the
history and culture of the East with his work “Politics
(or Siyar al-
Muluk)”, connects the basis of society w
ith
social progress and moral values. In his teachings, he
calls “a happy society” a country whose ruler is just and
fair, wise and kind, pure and honest, where the
country’s prosperity, the well
-being of its citizens, and
peace and harmony are ensured, and where it is
rationally governed on the basis of strict rules.
Indeed, the main feature of a society is its organic
integrity, systemicity, and the extent to which people
are able to unite on a necessary basis for the common
goals of their existence. The main characteristics of any
society include: a historically formed people; a
common territory; certain ways of life; the regulation
of economic, social, and political relations; the
commonality of language, spiritual culture, and
traditions;
the
organization
of
power
and
administration.
The nature of “administration” in this sense is
creativity, inventiveness, practical cooperation and is
aimed at the development of society and the
implementation of the tasks facing the country.
Therefore, in order to correctly understand public
administration, it is necessary to take into account the
characteristics of the interaction of the parties
involved. The Constitution of the Republic of
Uzbekistan stipulates: “The Republic of Uzbekistan
determines its national state and administrative-
territorial structure, the system of state power and
management bodies, implements domestic and foreign
policy...”
[4]. Public administration in this sense can be
viewed as a “subject of administration” (“system of
administration”), that
is, the interconnectedness of the
“subject of administration” is manifested in the social
system (managed spheres of life). This requires, before
exerting influence, knowledge of the object of
operation, organization and conditions, laws of the
managed object. In such a system, the subject of
governance, that is, the state, through the state
apparatus, determines the tasks of the state to exert
influence and determines its legal forms. Society, on
the other hand, forms the content of interaction and
integrates the relationship between laws, interests and
needs (the governed object) and the capabilities
(resources) of the subject of governance.
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International Journal of Pedagogics (ISSN: 2771-2281)
DISCUSSION
When we make a comparative analysis of the evolution
of the state, society and the phenomenon of
governance, we can generalize them into such scientific
theoretical directions as: 1) patriarchal (R. Filler); 2)
theocratic; 3) coercive (E. Dühring, L. Gumplowicz); 4)
social contract (G. Grotius, J. J. Rousseau, J. Locke); 5)
organic dependence (D. J. Fortescue, A. Scheffl, R.
Worms); 6) psychological (J. Burdeau); 7) political
anthropological [5]. Such approaches have their own
meaning and content, and from the point of view of the
political approach - the general nature of the state and
society - they are considered as a means of solving
certain economic, social, political goals and tasks. In
this case, the state regulates the relationship between
the government and the people, the ruler and the
ruled. After all, in the current era, when the “individual
-
society-
state” balance is consistently developing, the
state is defined as “a political organization that relies
on a special administrative apparatus of the
government at the level of the whole country, issues
laws for everyone and has its own sovereignty”
[6]. It is
precisely in reflecting and improving the functional
essence of state administration and determining its
main directions and goals that the activity of modern
scientific schools today needs to be analyzed
separately. In studying the system of public
administration, scientific and practical concepts
formed in schools from Western countries such as
France, Germany, Great Britain and the USA are of
particular importance. In particular, A. Fayol is
recognized as a classic representative of the theory of
administrative-public administration in France. His
views and analyses on management were set out in his
book “General and Industrial Management”, published
in 1916. A. Fayol gave a classic definition of scientific
management:
“Management
means
foresight
(forecasting
function),
organization,
command,
coordination and control”. Fayol, indicating the
important functions of management, believes that
foresight is the development of a program of action
taking into account the future; organization is the
organization of the material and social organism of the
organization; command is the encouragement of
employees to approach functional labor activities;
coordination is the coordination of management
activities; control is the provision of management
activities using established and defined norms [7].
Also, according to Fayol, the management of any
organization consists of the following functions:
technical, commercial, financial, insurance, accounting
and administrative methods. Among these functions,
Fayol recogn
izes the “administrative function” as the
main function, noting that none of the other functions
perform tasks such as drawing up a general program of
the organization's work, assembling workers,
distributing forces. All this is part of one function, that
is, the “administrative function”. That is why this
function is considered a leading function.
The issue of introducing administrative reforms in
public administration is characterized by the fact that
representatives of the French school rely on specific
features and signs that distinguish them from other
schools. One of the initial stages of the evolution of the
theory of administrative public administration, which
developed in France, is the “theory of institutions”.
Maurice Duverger, a professor at the University of
Paris, expanded the scope of research on the theory of
institutions and tried to reveal its directions and
features. “From that day on,” writes M. Duverger, “not
only legally established institutions are studied, but
also similar and subordinate institutions of
governance”
[8]. In the early 1970s, M. Duverger
developed a new concept of institutions. It arose under
the influence of the theory of political structuralism
and differs from the traditional concept of an
institution in both its nature and scope. According to M.
Duverger, “institutions are a popular model of human
relations. They differ from relations that arise outside
the framework of institutional models, which are
contingent and unstable”
[9]. Therefore, M. Duverger
proposes an “institutional” approach to administrative
state management, and through this theory, an
“institutional concept of governance” is formed in
France. This concept replaced the interpretation of the
state as a legal entity developed within the framework
of the norm of constitutional law. As a result, scientific
and theoretical studies of the state as an
“institutionalized authority” in the system of
governance began to take shape.
The state and society are interrelated concepts.
Because the social life of people has a large amount of
freedom and self-government. The boundaries of this
social freedom are determined by political institutions
and the state. That is, the state, by adopting laws,
establishes moral and legal norms in all aspects of
people's lives and ensures strict control over them. This
situation is considered to be the “spread of state
governance to society”. As a result, the general
interpretation of state governance is a hierarchical and
hierarchical organization that covers the entire
population of a particular state, and in this case, the
population constitutes a substantial element of the
state.
Therefore, the organization of public administration is
a holistic system, which has a number of characteristic
features:
International Journal of Pedagogics
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International Journal of Pedagogics (ISSN: 2771-2281)
1. Public administration is a holistic hierarchical
(hierarchical) system of state bodies and institutions.
The integrity of public administration is ensured by the
commonality and commonality of the principles of its
organization and activity, goals and objectives;
2. The primary structural elements of public
administration are state bodies and state institutions,
and employees with special education - civil servants
work in them. Public bodies are interconnected by
relations of subordination;
3. Public administration is provided with the political
resources necessary to fulfill the tasks set for it;
4. Public administration directly exercises state power,
ensures the fulfillment of the tasks and functions of the
state.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the main management tasks of the state are to
lead, coordinate, organize, control, maintain order and
make decisions for the comprehensive development of
the state, regulate its structure and activities, ensure
the security of citizens, and create favorable conditions
for their comprehensive activity. The analysis of various
schools and directions in the field of public
administration has shown that, despite their
antagonistic nature, they complement each other. The
study of the informal aspects of the public
administration
process,
employee
motivation,
indicators for measuring the effectiveness of public
administration, global management capabilities, and
social forecasting are priority areas for future research
on public administration. Uzbek scientist, Doctor of
Philosophy R. Samarav, in his scientific article
“Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Ensuring Social
Development,”
touches
on
the
concept
of
“management” and defines it as “the process of the
subject’s influence on the object in various forms and
levels, aimed at institutionally regulating, establishing,
improving, reducing, or changing the structure of an
object in accordance with a specific, defined goal, in
order to achieve one or another result” [10].
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