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STUDYING THE EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN DIGITALIZING
BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT IN JOINT-STOCK COMMERCIAL BANKS
Khalmuradov Elmurod Dilmuradovich
Independent Researcher of the Academy of Public Administration
(Uzbekistan), e-mail: exalmuradov@sqb.uz
Abstract:
In the world economy, the digital economic system is regularly supported by the
country as an integral part of the economy. In Uzbekistan, the digital economy is an essential
factor for increasing the share of innovation in the gross domestic product, producing
competitively differentiated quality products and improving the quality of public services. It is
given the trends in the digital economy of countries such as France, South Korea, and Japan,
where digitalization is high in the world economy in this article. In the economy of Uzbekistan,
the study of the implementation of digital systems of foreign countries, such as South Korea,
Japan, and Russia is relevant in the branches and sectors of the economy.
Keywords:
innovation, digital system, digital economy, electronic service, Germany “Industry-
4.0”, Japan's Society 5.0, smart city, digital technology by businesses, SME and others.
INTRODUCTION.
The study of foreign countries’ method of digital economic systems will
help to solve the following problems in the economy of Uzbekistan:
-Implementation of a network of indicators and methods of calculating the level of digitization of
the economy by extensive study of the strategy of foreign countries’ digitization;
-calculation of the average level of digitization in the branches and sectors of the economy based
on the experience of foreign countries;
-Preparation of the strategic program “digital-2050” of Uzbekistan, like the strategic programs of
Japan's Society 5.0 or Germany “Industry- 4.0”.
The purpose of this research is to develop proposals for the development of the digital economy
in Uzbekistan based on extensive analysis of the digital experience of economies of developed
countries.
According to the information above, it is given exploring below in the process of scientific
explore:
-Analysis of trends of state support for the digital economy in European countries and the role of
European countries in the global digital economy rankings;
-Study of the peculiarities of digital systems in South Korea and the possibilities of their
implementation in Uzbekistan;
-Depth analysis of the essence and social orientation of Japan’s “team- 5.0” strategy.
Based on the study of the experience of foreign countries on the development of digital systems,
we conclude the following:
-Each country has a different approach and orientation to the introduction of digital systems
based on their level of economic development and their competitive advantages;
- Any innovative technology should serve the benefit of the people. Thus, international digital
rankings are key indicators of access to digital technologies, households with Internet access, and
digital education systems.
Measures of improving Uzbekistan’s position in the Global Competitiveness Index and Global
Innovation Index of the World Economic Forum aimed at development of scientific and
innovative activity, protection of intellectual activity results, increasing the share of the sector of
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57
informative communications technology as the gross domestic product of the country, all these
require the creation of a digital system with a high level of security.
In the development of global digital systems, first of all, the agencies of state and economy, local
government agencies with the introduction of the necessary information systems and resources,
software and electronic services through the establishment of digital economy, information
technology market, including technology parks and coworking centers based on public-private
partnerships, creation of favorable conditions for attracting foreign investments, development of
modern telecommunication infrastructure, telecommunication technologies and networks,
coordination of development of advanced telecommunication services, enhancement of digital
economy through introduction of electronic services in public administration and economy,
development of e-commerce and software market - developing proposals for technical and
economic development, city and region y infrastructure management, in particular, housing and
utilities, transport logistics, development of “smart” systems for a safe and “smart city”,
improving the training of qualified personnel (Lex.uz online, 2018) are becoming more critical.
For this reason, the study of the implementation of digital systems in various sectors of the
economy of foreign countries, such as South Korea, Japan and Russia, is relevant in the economy
of Uzbekistan. Studying the method of introduction of digital economic systems of foreign
countries gives a chance to solve the following problems in the economy of Uzbekistan:
- Developing a network of indicators and methods of calculating the level of digitalization of the
economy by extensive study of the economic digitalization strategy of foreign countries;
- Calculating the average level of digitization in various sectors of the economy based on the
experience of foreign countries;
- Preparation of the project of the Strategic Program “Digital-2050” of Uzbekistan like the
strategic programs of Japan's Society 5.0 or Germany “Industry- 4.0”. Based on the above, the
research aims to explore below:
- Analysis of the trends of state support for the digital economy in European countries and the
role of European countries in the global numeric economy ratings;
- To study the features of digital systems in South Korea and the possibilities of their
implementation in Uzbekistan;
- Analyzing deeply the content and social orientation of Japan’s “Team-5.0” strategy.
DIGITIZATION, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH .
In an era marked by
rapid technological advancements and global challenges, digital development stands as a
cornerstone of resilience and economic growth for nations worldwide. As the world endeavors to
transform into a more sustainable and equitable place, the role of digital technologies becomes
ever more critical in achieving this balance without sacrificing economic growth. From electric
vehicles and cloud computing to comprehensive egovernment systems, digital innovations are
pivotal in driving the green transformation that our global society urgently needs. Artificial
intelligence, in particular, stands out as a crucial enabler, offering powerful capabilities that can
optimize resource efficiency, enhance productivity, and spur economic development, all while
supporting sustainable practices. By automating complex processes, enabling data-driven
decision-making, and fostering innovative solutions across industries, AI not only elevates
productivity but also propels businesses and governments towards achieving more with less—
ensuring economic activities align with sustainability goals.
HOW TO MEASURE DIGITIZATION: THE DIMENSIONS.
DiGiX is structured into six
dimensions, encompassing a total of 24 indicators. This design is intentional, aiming to keep the
index straightforward to ensure both interpretability and continuity over time and across different
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countries. By focusing on a concise set of dimensions and indicators, DiGiX remains a practical
tool for comparing digitization progress while retaining its relevance and clarity across various
contexts. Moreover, it is important to consider that digitization is a dynamic process, and to
accurately measure it, we recognize the need for flexibility within the index. While the
dimensions in DiGiX remain consistent over time, the indicators within these dimensions evolve
to reflect the latest technological advancements. For instance, while DiGiX 20202 included 3G
coverage as a part of the infrastructure dimension, the current update uses 5G instead.
This approach means that DiGiX is not directly comparable over time; however, maintaining
consistent dimensions allows for meaningful comparisons and insights across different periods.
Each indicator has been carefully selected to capture a specific aspect of Update DiGiX 2024: A
Multidimensional Index of Digitization 3 digitization, ensuring that the index provides a
comprehensive and nuanced view of a country’s digital environment.
The weighting scheme of this index is not arbitrarily set but derived from data through a two-
stage PCA3 . This datadriven approach ensures that the index remains grounded in real-world
conditions and outcomes. Each dimension's weight—Infrastructure (16%), Users Adoption
(18%), Enterprise Adoption (16%), Cost (16%), Regulation (17%), and Government Adoption
(18%)—reflects a balanced contribution across dimensions, avoiding any bias toward a particular
aspect. This approach underscores the index's view that all facets of digitization are equally
important. Similar balance is also observed among the indicators within each dimension.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the process of the research, they widely used such methods as analysis and synthesis,
induction, deduction, grouping in order to analyze deeply digital systems, introduction and
experience of state stimulation in foreign countries.
THE EXTENT WHICH THE SUBJECT STUDIED.
According to M.L: “Digital economy is
the communication environment of economic activity on the Internet, as well as forms, methods,
means and results”.
According to Castells, digital economics is the second phase of the information economy, and its
definition has been used since 2016 as the World Bank’s definition of digital economics. The
definition is as follows: “Digital economy is a system of economic, social and cultural relations
based on the use of information and communication technologies” and concludes that “Digital
economy is a new paradigm of rapid economic development.”
According to a study by Thomas Mezenburg, there are three main components of the digital
economy concept: Infrastructure support, e-business and e-commerce.
In the developed countries, because digital systems are widely used in various sectors and
branches of the national economy, this topic has been widely researched by economists,
technologists, and scientists who are the expert of information and communication. That is why
there are countless publications and research papers on the subject.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.
Based on the experience of such digital countries which digital
economies are rapidly developing (China, UAE, Saudi Arabia) (Denmark, Singapore, South
Korea, Germany, USA), four types of tools can be distinguished:
1. It is eliminated the inefficient zones of the current economic system to upgrade the resources
“Digital production” and increase its competitiveness. The tasks are solved with the help of the
most interested and capable players.
2. Because of the creation of conditions for “Digital leap”-new business development and the
rapid development of modern technologies, big data, artificial intelligence, neural networks,
block chain originate.
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3. “Digitalization” increases the efficiency and transparency of all processes of cooperation with
the state, facilitates business in the country, which has a broad positive impact on the economy.
4. “Digital Reinvestment”. As a result of the first three tasks, value added, transaction costs were
reduced, and significant inter-sector impacts were created.
Information and Communication Technology Development Index (IDI) - Index published on the
basis of internationally accepted information and communication technologies (ICT) indicators
by the United Nations International Telecommunication Union. It is an important tool for
comparing the most important indicators for measuring the information society.
As of 2024, the European Union (EU) continues to monitor and assess its digital progress
through the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). The DESI evaluates EU countries
across four primary dimensions:
1.
Human Capital
: Assesses digital skills and the development of advanced digital
competencies among the population.
2.
Connectivity
: Evaluates the deployment and quality of broadband infrastructure and
access.
3.
Integration of Digital Technology
: Measures the adoption of digital technologies by
businesses and e-commerce activities.
4.
Digital Public Services
: Examines the digitization of public services and e-government
initiatives.
In 2023, the DESI was integrated into the "State of the Digital Decade" reports, aligning with the
EU's Digital Decade Policy Programme 2030. This integration aims to provide a comprehensive
overview of the EU's progress toward its digital targets for 2030.
While specific composite scores for 2024 are not available in the provided sources, the EU
continues to focus on enhancing its digital infrastructure, skills, and services to meet its
ambitious 2030 digital objectives.
As of 2024, the European Union (EU) has made significant strides in enhancing its digital
landscape, as reflected in the latest Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). The DESI
evaluates EU countries across four primary dimensions: Human Capital, Connectivity,
Integration of Digital Technology, and Digital Public Services.
Continued investment and policy efforts are essential to bridge existing gaps and to fully harness
the potential of the digital economy across all EU member states.
Thus, according to the European Commission, 41% of businesses do not currently use digital
technology, and only 2% of companies fully realize their benefits. That is why European
businesses are trying to create new opportunities for businesses, accelerate the “digital” business
landscape, encourage the use of new digital technologies to improve processes, create new
business models, deepen business analytics, enhance growth rates, and create jobs. The last task
is related to the high unemployment rate of youth, especially by 20% in the EU, and more than
55% in Spain and Greece.
As of 2024, the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) has been integrated into the Digital
Decade Policy Programme 2030, serving as a comprehensive tool to monitor the digital progress
of EU member states across four key dimensions:
1.
Human Capital
: Evaluates digital skills among the population and workforce.
2.
Connectivity
: Assesses the deployment and quality of broadband infrastructure.
3.
Integration of Digital Technology
: Measures the adoption of digital technologies by
businesses.
4.
Digital Public Services
: Examines the availability and use of e-government services.
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While the specific DESI rankings for 2024 have not been released, recent reports provide
insights into the digital standings of various countries:
1.
DiGiX-2024 Report
: This report evaluates digitalization across 98 countries using 24
indicators. According to the report, the top five countries are: Hong Kong, Singapore, Denmark,
Switzerland and Netherlands.
These nations excel due to their robust digital infrastructures, high adoption rates, and favorable
regulatory environments. In contrast, countries like Honduras, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Nigeria,
and Nicaragua face significant challenges, including limited access to technology and less
supportive regulatory frameworks.
Persistent digital divide across different regions, despite significant heterogeneity within each
region. Consistent regional leaders over time. Similar to 2020 and 2022, a selected group of
countries continue to lead their respective regions. The United States remains the leader in North
America. In South East Asia and Oceania, Hong Kong now appears as a top performer,
overtaking previous leaders like Singapore. Denmark and the Netherlands continue to lead in
Europe. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Uruguay and Chile outperforms. UAE and Israel
consolidate their position in the regions of Northern Africa and Western Asia.
No single country ranks in the top 10 across all six dimensions, highlighting that while nations
may excel in specific areas, none has uniform strength across the board. This diversity in
performance underscores the complexity of achieving balanced digital development and provides
valuable insights for refining digital strategies based on each country's unique strengths and
challenges.
Several European countries have shown significant improvements in their digitization rankings.
These advancements might be due to the impact of the Next Generation EU funds to enhance
digital infrastructure and adoption across the region. Croatia saw the most remarkable progress,
climbing 30 positions, followed by Greece, which advanced 27 positions. Hungary and Italy also
made substantial gains, moving up 19 and 16 positions, respectively. Other notable
improvements include Latvia (15 positions), Portugal (13 positions), the Slovak Republic (12
positions), and Spain (7 positions).
Within the European context, Denmark and the Netherlands continue to lead in digital
performance. Notably, countries such as Croatia, Greece, and Italy have shown remarkable
improvements, attributed to investments from initiatives like the Next Generation EU funds. For
instance, Croatia advanced 30 positions, while Greece moved up 27 spots in the digital rankings.
It's important to recognize that different reports may use varying methodologies and indicators,
leading to differences in rankings. For the most current and detailed information, consulting the
official Digital Decade Policy Programme and related publications is recommended.
The rankings for each dimension of the DiGiX index reveal a diverse set of leaders across
different aspects of digitization.
Infrastructure:
Countries like Kuwait, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Qatar achieve the
maximum score, highlighting their exceptional digital infrastructure, which is critical for
supporting advanced digital services.
Access for Individuals:
Japan leads this dimension, followed by the United Arab Emirates and
Hong Kong. These results indicate strong individual-level digital engagement in these countries,
driven by widespread usage of digital services.
Access for Firms:
Hong Kong and Singapore are at the forefront, emphasizing their role as
global business hubs with robust digital capabilities that support enterprises.
Affordability:
Luxembourg and Hong Kong top this dimension, suggesting that these countries
offer affordable digital services, a key factor in driving widespread adoption and digital equity.
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Regulation:
Denmark, Switzerland, and Finland lead the way, demonstrating their strong
governance frameworks that support and protect digital environments.
Government Adoption:
Denmark, Finland, and South Korea excel in digitizing government
services, which is crucial for enhancing public service delivery and encouraging broader digital
adoption.
This diversity in performance reflects the varied paths nations take toward digital maturity and
highlights the inherent complexity in achieving balanced digital development. Disaggregated
rankings by dimension offer crucial insights for policymakers and stakeholders, guiding them in
refining and enhancing their digital strategies based on specific strengths and areas needing
improvement
.
Business Digitization Index 2024” in European countries
Integrating digital technologies into all areas of a business enables companies to improve their
products and services, and to gain competitiveness, for example by shifting their sales online.
The EU has set itself 2 main goals for the digital transformation of businesses by 2030: more
than 90% of SMEs should reach at least a basic level of digital intensity, and 75% of EU
companies should use cloud computing services, perform big data analysis, or use artificial
intelligence.
The digital intensity of businesses is monitored by the digital intensity index (DII), which
measures the use of 12 different digital technologies by businesses, for example using artificial
intelligence or making e-sales.
The index scores businesses depending on how many digital technologies they use:
0-3: very low
4-6: low
7-9: high
10-12: very high
A minimum score of 4 means that the business has a basic level of digital intensity. Therefore, a
basic level includes all businesses with a low, high, and very high level of digital intensity,
excluding the very low level.
Figure 1.
Digital intensity level in businesses, 2023 (as % of total businesses)
1
.
Results for each dimension of DiGiX are available upon request.
2
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62
Nearly 60% of EU SMEs reach basic digital intensity
In 2023, 59% of all EU businesses reached a basic level of digital intensity. The share for SMEs
was 58%, around 30 percentage points (pp) below the EU 2030 target, while for large businesses
it stood at 91%.
Large businesses had a bigger share for very high (26%) and high digital intensity (42%)
compared with only 4% of SMEs with a very high level and nearly 20% with a high level of
digital intensity. Most of the SMEs recorded low (34%) or very low (42%) digital intensity levels.
Figure 2.
Businesses using AI technologies, 2023 (as % of businesses)
3
.
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The proportion of SMEs with a basic level of digital intensity ranged from 27% in Romania and
28% in Bulgaria to 80% in Sweden and 86% in Finland.
As of 2024, the European Union continues to monitor and assess the digital transformation of
businesses through various indices and reports. While there isn't a specific "Business Digitization
Index 2024," several key publications provide insights into the current state of digitalization
among European enterprises:
Digitalisation in Europe – 2024 Edition
: This interactive publication by Eurostat offers
comprehensive statistics on how businesses across Europe are adopting digital technologies. It
highlights that in 2023, 59% of all EU businesses achieved at least a basic level of digital
intensity. Specifically, 58% of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) reached this level,
which is approximately 30 percentage points below the EU's 2030 target. In contrast, 91% of
large businesses attained a basic level of digital intensity. The index categorizes businesses based
on their adoption of digital technologies into four levels: very low, low, high, and very high.
Notably, large enterprises have a higher proportion of high (42%) and very high (26%) digital
intensity levels compared to SMEs, where only 4% exhibit very high digital intensity. The
majority of SMEs fall into the low (34%) or very low (42%) digital intensity categories.
SME Digital Growth Index 2024
: Published by Webidoo, this report delves into the digital
growth trajectories of SMEs within the EU. It emphasizes the significance of digital commerce,
online presence, and the integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, as
pivotal factors for SME development. The index not only measures digital presence and
technology adoption but also analyzes how these dimensions influence the economic
performance of SMEs across the EU.
Figure 3.
Businesses that provide ICT training to their staff, 2023 (as % of businesses)
4
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/digitalisation-2023.
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64
2024 State of the Digital Decade Report
: This annual report by the European Commission
evaluates the EU's progress toward its digital transformation goals as outlined in the Digital
Decade Policy Programme 2030. The 2024 edition identifies several challenges, including
insufficient advancement toward set objectives and notable disparities among member states.
The report underscores the need for accelerated efforts, particularly in areas such as digital skills,
high-quality connectivity, adoption of artificial intelligence, data analytics by businesses,
semiconductors, and startup ecosystems. It also highlights that the full potential of the Digital
Single Market remains untapped, partly due to the incomplete digital transition.
These publications collectively provide a nuanced understanding of the current state of business
digitization in Europe, highlighting both progress made and areas requiring focused attention to
achieve the EU's digital transformation objectives by 2030.
An algorithm for the development of e-learning in South Korea was launched: Electronic-
education (E-learning), Mobile-learning (M-learning),Ubiquitous-learning (U-learning) and
Smart education.
In South Korea, information and communication technologies are limited to primary, secondary
education institutions. 83% of all universities in the country are covered by the “E-learning”
system. In addition, there are 17 cyber universities that have 40,000 hours of online education at
the age of 18 to 60 years. There is a software for monitoring these students. EDUNET web portal
for digital copies of e-books, e-books and educational materials. people use it. Every day,
410,000 people visit the portal and they earn $ 27 million. pagespreferences and other
educational materials.
Figure 4.
Growth in new SME lending (Median year-on-year growth rate, as a percentage, 2008-22.)
5
https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sme-financing-business-conditions-and-growth.html.
Volume 4, issue 4, 2025
65
South Korea is recognized in the global scale of education. Great Britain’s “Pearson” has
supported Japan, which has recently failed to take the lead in the international education-sharing
group. This is the most highly effective ICT development activity in South Korea (Table 1).
Table 1.
The latest available digitalization index data
Place
Country
Index
1
Hong Kong
9.02
2
Singapore
8.95
3
Denmark
8.85
4
Switzerland
8.80
5
Netherlands
8.75
6
Iceland
8.73
7
Great Britain
8.70
8
Norway
8.65
9
Luxembourg
8.62
10
Japan
8.55
95
Uzbekistan
5.02
109
Kyrgyzstan
4.50
Index of the use of information and communication technologies in the world 2024
Japan's
Society 5.0
initiative, introduced in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan, aims to
create a human-centered society that integrates cyberspace and physical space to achieve both
economic development and the resolution of social challenges. This strategy focuses on
enhancing the quality of life through technological advancements, ensuring that digital
transformation benefits all sectors of society, including urban and rural areas.
A key component of Society 5.0 is the widespread adoption of digital systems across various
industries and societal segments. This includes promoting scientific collaboration between public
and private sectors, increasing government transparency, and preventing future social issues. The
strategy emphasizes improving the human factor, enhancing living standards, and preventing
unemployment while maintaining the competitiveness of national products.
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66
As a result of policies supporting digital systems, Japan has seen a significant increase in internet
accessibility. As of January 2023, there were approximately 102.5 million internet users in Japan,
representing an internet penetration rate of 82.9% of the total population.
As of January 2024, Japan's internet landscape has seen notable growth. Here's an updated table
reflecting the percentage of internet users relative to the total population over recent years:
Table 2.
Table reflecting the percentage of internet users
Year
Percentage of Internet Users
2016
83.5%
2017
83.3%
2023
82.9%
2024
84.9%
This data indicates a steady increase in internet penetration, with 104.4 million users accounting
for 84.9% of Japan's population in 2024.
The slight decline observed in 2017 compared to 2016 has been offset by consistent growth in
subsequent years, underscoring Japan's commitment to enhancing digital accessibility
nationwide.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the experience of foreign countries in the development of digital systems, we conclude:
- each country has its own approach and orientation to digital systems based on their level of
economic development and their competitive advantages;
- any innovative technology should serve the interests of the person. For this reason, such
international indicators as the number of people using digital technologies, households with
internet access, education of digital systems in education are essential.
Picture 1. New society 5.0
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67
Based on the experience of the studied foreign countries, we offer the following expertise of
improving digital systems in Uzbekistan:
- The digitisation of the economy should begin with the education system. Based on the
experience of South Korea, it is necessary to increase the expertise of teachers of schools and
higher educational institutions on information technologies and to send them for retraining. Then
it is essential to introduce the subject “Digital Systems” in the educational system aimed at
increasing students’ knowledge in information and communication systems. This course, in
addition to teaching theory, should also give students the skills and abilities needed to create and
apply new software technologies;
-It is necessary to develop a multistage long-term strategy “Digital-2050”, aimed at digitisation
of society in Uzbekistan, which is close to the “Team-5.0” of Japan. This strategy should include
programs aimed at improving the digital literacy of the population, starting with the transition to
high-quality Internet systems and the process of digitising industries and sectors of the economy;
- It is necessary to create in Uzbekistan a national rating system, which reflects the level of
digitisation of the economy based on the experience of European countries. This rating system
should include indicators of the level of internet access, the number of mobile users, and the
number of online and offline modes.
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