International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics

This study examines the effectiveness of artificial intelligence tools in English language teaching through comprehensive literature analysis. The research analyzes various AI platforms including ChatGPT, language learning applications, and automated assessment systems to evaluate their impact on pedagogical practices and learning outcomes. The findings suggest that AI tools significantly enhance traditional teaching methodologies when properly integrated into curriculum design, though they cannot replace the fundamental role of human educators in language acquisition processes.

V state rassmatrivaetsya sushchnost termina "cluster", etapy stanovleniya teorii klasterizatsii, osobennosti klasternoy sistemy v promyshlennosti razvityx stran. Analyziruetsya influence of clusters on economic efficiency, ix advantages and disadvantages

This article investigates paremiological units derived from the lexicon of aphorisms and examines the challenges involved in their translation across languages, with particular attention to English–Uzbek language pairs. Aphorisms, as concise and often metaphorical expressions of universal truths or philosophical reflections, possess distinctive linguistic and cultural features that complicate direct translation. The study identifies structural, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of aphorism-based paremiological units and analyzes how cultural specificity, figurative language, and stylistic economy influence their interpretation in the target language. Comparative and descriptive methods are applied to explore translation strategies that maintain both semantic fidelity and rhetorical effect. The findings underscore the need for creative adaptation and culturally informed decision-making to preserve the intended impact of aphorisms in translation.

This article examines the concepts of lexicography, lexicology, and semasiology in linguistics, focusing on their definitions, scope, and mutual interconnections. Lexicography is considered as the science and practice of compiling, editing, and analyzing dictionaries, while lexicology deals with the systematic study of the vocabulary of a language, including its origin, structure, and meaning. Semasiology, in turn, is explored as the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words and lexical units. The research highlights the theoretical and practical intersections of these disciplines, demonstrating how they complement each other in the study and organization of language. The article also addresses the role of modern technologies in integrating these fields for more effective linguistic analysis and dictionary compilation.

As the global community advances toward sustainable energy solutions, solar power has emerged as one of the most viable and rapidly expanding sources of renewable energy. Solar power plants, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems, are increasingly integrated into national grids, providing clean, decentralized, and efficient electricity. The successful operation of solar power plants relies heavily on a network of sophisticated electrical devices. These components perform essential functions such as energy conversion, protection, measurement, control, and grid synchronization. This comprehensive abstract explores in long-form narrative the roles, functionalities, and integration of electrical devices within solar power plants, emphasizing both utility-scale and distributed solar systems.

This article analyzes the complex interaction between political and legal factors in the recognition process of new states. The research examines the role of formal legal criteria alongside geopolitical interests, economic dependencies, and strategic partnerships in contemporary international practice of state recognition decisions. The article analyzes cases of Kosovo, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and other new states to demonstrate instances where political motivations prevail over legal foundations. The research findings reveal that pure legal approaches are rarely applied in contemporary recognition practice, and in most cases political expediency supersedes legal principles.

This article examines the essence and key characteristics of small business and entrepreneurship, their role in the modern economy, as well as the features of development under market transformation conditions. Special attention was paid to the experience of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the analysis of statistical data, and measures for state support of small businesses. Based on the conducted research, the main problems were identified and recommendations for further stimulating the development of small businesses were proposed.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of the concept of labor potential and its effective use in small business conditions. Key factors influencing the formation and development of labor potential, as well as the specifics of its application in small businesses, are highlighted. Special attention was paid to the experience of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including statistical analysis of employment and labor productivity in the small business sector.

This article discusses the crucial role of media literacy and education aimed at it in the life of society. Media literacy is the ability of people to correctly understand, analyze and consciously use messages coming from the media . The article discusses the role of media literacy in protecting against false information and manipulation, active participation in democratic processes, and ensuring personal development and well-being. The necessity of media literacy for the stability of society and reliable information exchange is substantiated.

This rеsеarch invеstigatеs comprеhеnsivе stratеgiеs for еnhancing еconomic еfficiеncy during thе procеss of digital transformation, with a focus on еmеrging еconomiеs such as Uzbеkistan. Using a mixеd-mеthods approach, thе study combinеs statistical analysis, casе studiеs, and policy еvaluation. Data is sourcеd from thе World Bank, OЕCD, and Uzbеkistan's Statе Committее on Statistics. Thе rеsults show that stratеgiеs such as digital infrastructurе modеrnization, AI-drivеn automation, еnhancеd cybеrsеcurity, and national digital litеracy programs significantly improvе productivity and rеducе opеrational costs. Casе comparisons with Еstonia and South Korеa rеvеal that wеll-plannеd digital transformation policiеs can yiеld a sustainеd GDP growth ratе of 1.5–2% annually, whilе also improving sеrvicе еfficiеncy by 20–30%.

Agricultural enterprises on account of the policy in the organization enterprise buxgalteriya accounting system the effective performanceof is an important factor. In such a case, the integral elements of the basic accounting system andthe accounting of the form and its elements, particular attention was focused there. The article Uzbekistan in agricultural enterprises of the republic of the accounting policy in forming problems, the detailed analysis of foreign and local experts in this field, and to settle the problems of governance and the digital economy in the conditions of transition to market relations formation of the accounting policy of agricultural enterprises covering the issues given.

The article analyzes the share of the service sector in the shadow economy, the reasons for its formation, and socio-economic consequences. Practical and theoretical aspects are highlighted based on statistical data for 2023-2025, decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific literature, and reports of international organizations (ILO, World Bank, IMF). The article outlines the scope of hidden services (household services, trade, transport, medical services, etc.), ways to reduce them, and priorities for ensuring transparency in the service sector.

This article discusses effective methods for developing students' communicative competence in English through the use of news texts. It is emphasized that the relevance of news texts, topicality and proximity to real life stimulate students to actively communicate. Based on this model, it is argued that the four basic skills of the English language - listening, reading, writing and speaking - can be developed in a comprehensive manner. This model promotes the introduction of interactive methods in the learning process, the development of critical thinking and increased motivation for learning the language. According to the results of the scientific article, the use of news texts allows you to connect the process of learning English with real life, creating a basis for the effective formation of students' communicative competence.

The five Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan are increasingly promoting tourism as one of the main factors of local economic growth. Rich in Silk Road heritage sites and natural scenery ranging from desert to high mountain lakes, the region has seen rapid growth in tourism in recent years. This article explores the impact of regional tourism in Central Asia on local economies and draws on recent (post 2020) and historical data. Economic indicators such as tourism income, employment rate and small business growth are analyzed, as well as tourism policies and Border-back initiatives such as the proposed Silk Visa. In addition, the cultural and environmental consequences of tourism are considered, and on the example of each state of the region, these influences are illuminated through real situations. The analysis was based on Reliable Sources the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Bank, the national tourism authorities and recent research.

: This article examines the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan and its efforts to strengthen its position in the global community. It highlights the country’s economic growth, structural reforms, and investments in human capital and innovation. The article also discusses Uzbekistan’s infrastructure modernization, regional integration, and expanding international cooperation. While acknowledging ongoing challenges, it emphasizes the nation’s progress toward sustainable development and increasing global influence. The analysis provides insight into Uzbekistan’s transformative journey and its emerging role as a key player in Central Asia and beyond.

This article explores strategic approaches to strengthening Uzbekistan’s position in international cooperation. It outlines key areas such as regional integration, economic reforms, diplomatic diversification, human capital development, sustainable practices, cultural diplomacy, and security collaboration. The piece highlights how these efforts can help Uzbekistan enhance its global influence, attract investment, and contribute to regional and international stability. This article explores various strategic pathways Uzbekistan can pursue to bolster its international presence. By leveraging regional alliances, economic modernization, diversified diplomacy, and sustainable initiatives, Uzbekistan can accelerate its transformation into a proactive and respected actor within the global community.

This article is dedicated to the life and harsh fate of the Uzbek writer Gafur Gulyam, who left an indelible mark on Uzbek literature, and to his story “Mening o‘g‘rigina bolam” which is based on real life. The article highlights the development of the plot, the experiences of orphanhood in childhood, their reflection in the author’s thoughts, and the importance of the peace and prosperity achieved today through the lens of the historical context.

This article aims to discuss what role the model of European Union can play in forming and nurturing an integration atmosphere in the Central Asian region. Similar to other regions of the world, Central Asian countries have, in recent years, been paying attention to integration. This can be seen in the consultative forums in which the Central Asian heads of state and government meet, which of course helps to forge regional dialogue and is likely to be important in deepening integration in the future. Without doubt, the European Union structure is the best integration model in the world because it is the only international organization which has a legal order, supranational institutions, and a monetary union which illustrate the existence of well functioning integration. Therefore, although it is possible to argue that there is a possibility to construct an integration model in Central Asia using the EU approach, there are many obstacles that stand in the way of making this a reality.

This study analyzes the current state of regional integration in Central Asia through classical and modern integration theories. Using Balassa’s stages of integration, Tinbergen’s functionalism, and neofunctionalism, the research evaluates progress in trade, transport connectivity, and institutional cooperation. While initiatives such as the Samarkand European Union–Central Asia Connectivity Summit and the China-Central Asia Summit highlight growing economic and political ties, challenges remain in terms of infrastructure gaps, water resource disputes, and political diversity. Intra-regional trade has increased significantly, yet uneven economic development and security concerns hinder deeper integration. The findings suggest that Central Asia stands at a critical juncture, where sectoral cooperation and institutional strengthening could pave the way toward more sustainable and institutionalized integration.

This study analyzes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to developing countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America from 2010 to 2024. Using data from UNCTAD, World Bank, and regional development banks, we examine twelve representative countries from each region. Results show Asian developing countries received the highest FDI inflows (averaging $650 billion annually), followed by Latin America ($185 billion) and Africa ($85 billion). Key determinants vary by region: market size and manufacturing capacity drive Asian FDI, natural resources and regional integration influence Latin American flows, while resource extraction and infrastructure needs dominate African patterns. The findings provide insights for policymakers seeking to enhance investment attraction strategies.

The WTO’s evolving role in energy price regulation is highlighted. Its influence through case studies, legal provisions, and comparative international approaches is illustrated. The article examines the impact of the regulatory function of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on energy markets in general. The subject of this work is the regulation of energy trade by international legal norms, the analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of contractual agreements, relations between a number of international organizations engaged in energy trade at the present stage. The objectives of the study are: to analyze the current regulatory framework governing relations between subjects of international law in the field of energy trade; to identify the principles of functioning of international energy organizations and analyze the regulations underlying their activities; to formulate assumptions about possible vectors for the further development of legal regulation of energy trade.

This study examines relationships related to precious stones and precious metals as objects of civil law regulation within the legal framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research addresses the gap in national jurisprudence regarding the comprehensive study of civil-legal regulation of precious stones and metals in their natural state, moving beyond traditional focus on secondary market regulation and illegal circulation prevention.

The analysis begins with constitutional foundations, particularly Article 68 of the Uzbekistan Constitution, which establishes underground resources as national wealth under state protection while emphasizing rational utilization. The study traces recent legislative developments, including Presidential Decree PQ-4030 of 2018, which legalized precious metals extraction through prospecting methods as entrepreneurship, addressing previous criminogenic situations arising from unregulated extraction activities. The study identifies three primary categories of civil-legal relationships: organizational relationships regarding land use rights for extraction activities, delivery relationships between prospectors and authorized purchasers, and liability relationships for regulatory violations.

The article addresses the optimization of surgical treatment methods for choledocholithiasis complicated by purulent cholangitis. Given the rising prevalence of cholelithiasis and its serious complications, particularly in industrialized countries, the study focuses on improving outcomes through advanced surgical strategies. A total of 70 patients were analyzed at the Andijan State Medical Institute from 2023 to 2024. Traditional and modified multi-stage surgical approaches were compared, including open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, choledocholithotomy, endoscopic papillosphincterotomy (EPST), and nasobiliary drainage. Results showed that the improved method, which combines minimally invasive surgery with intraportal antibiotic administration and bile duct lavage, significantly reduced the incidence of severe complications such as liver microabscesses and sepsis. The study concludes that early diagnosis and a tailored surgical approach enhance the effectiveness of treatment and reduce mortality in patients with complicated choledocholithiasis.

The liver is the largest internal organ, responsible for a wide range of vital metabolic, detoxifying, and synthetic functions. From a histological perspective, the liver has a unique architecture based on hepatic lobules, hepatocytes, sinusoidal capillaries, and the portal triad. Pathological processes, including hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and cirrhosis, induce characteristic structural changes that can be visualized through histological analysis. The aim of this article is to describe normal liver histology and highlight alterations occurring under pathological conditions, emphasizing their diagnostic value.

The lungs are vital organs responsible for gas exchange, providing oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the bloodstream. Histologically, the lungs are composed of a branching bronchial tree ending in alveoli, where gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-capillary barrier. Pathological conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis cause characteristic alterations in lung histology that directly impair respiratory function. This article reviews the normal histological structure of the lungs and describes common pathological changes with emphasis on their diagnostic and clinical relevance.

This article will study the braking systems used in modern cars and analyze their development. It will also analyze the indicators that need to be made for the main improvement of car brakes..

A well-designed machine system is easy to use. If a facility invests in the quality integration and organization of an automated parking system, staff members will not have problems using it. If the system is user-friendly, the cost of training will be reduced. In a system environment, the traditional method of setting up machines can be tedious and time-consuming. However, the parking management system proves to be a viable option from a time-saving perspective. This way, customers won't be disappointed.

In this type of statistical analysis of foreign countries, accidents related to parking lots account for 10-15% of total accidents.

Based on this, we analyzed accidents that occurred in the parking areas of cars along the carriageway of the roads of the studied streets of Tashkent. From the analysis of traffic accidents on streets with on-street parking lots in Tashkent, it can be seen that the density of traffic accidents in areas with on-street parking lots (see Figure 1.14) is also increasing. The purpose of analyzing data on traffic accidents is to determine what are the trends in indicators characterizing the level of traffic accidents, what factors are associated with the greatest risk of accidents, and the main directions of efforts to prevent them.

A comprehensive analysis of road accidents is important as a basis for developing management decisions in the field of road safety, including improving its organization. The organization of traffic safety on city streets and roads is becoming one of the most important problems today. At the same time, the amount of damage caused by cars to the environment is also increasing day by day, and many people are injured and killed as a result of road accidents. Every year, about 1.35 million people die in car accidents around the world. Also, from 20 to 50 million people receive serious injuries, most of whom become disabled due to injuries [1-2].

A smart parking lot is a specialized parking area for cars, created using sensors and modern technologies to quickly and conveniently find parking spaces, ensure safety, and automate the process of temporarily storing a car [1]. The creation of special parking spaces for cars began almost at the same time as the first cars appeared. Today, the number of cars is growing rapidly, and modern technologies are being introduced to solve the problem of limited parking spaces.

One of the main directions of development in this area is “smart” parking sensors. Such sensors are installed in parking lots and monitor whether the space above them is occupied or empty, transmitting information to the general system. When using a network of such sensors, a map of the parking lot is created and its status is transmitted to users on the street using special screens or a mobile application [2].

In this article, the route of passenger bus No. 21 in the city of Andijan is fully studied. The factors affecting the priority of the public transport route are discussed. There was talk about making changes to traffic schedules and optimizing transport infrastructure objects.

In order to solve this problem, we will provide recommendations and results on the use of intelligent systems to ensure the priority of public transport traffic on routes, prevent traffic jams in the city and ensure traffic safety.

This phrase emphasizes the dual importance of design and risk management in the development of vehicles intended for cargo transportation. Effective cargo transport vehicles must be designed to maximize efficiency, capacity, and durability, while also addressing potential operational risks, such as load stability, road safety, and regulatory compliance. Balancing innovative design with thorough risk assessment is essential to ensure safe and reliable performance in various logistical environments.

The main results of research work related to the development of theoretical and experimental methods for assessing the reliability of automobile engines operating in extreme hot climatic conditions based on the strength of internal combustion engines at the stage of their design and development are outlined. The most characteristic types and sources of engine failures, reliability criteria for engine elements are considered.

This study explores methods for ensuring the reliable operation of automotive engines under hot climatic conditions. It emphasizes the importance of balancing reliability with economic factors, particularly through analyzing the relationship between component/system reliability and associated costs. The paper highlights the collaborative role of designers and reliability engineers, noting that traditional design methods alone are insufficient for modern engine development. Key topics include the use of safety factors, the limitations of empirical design approaches, and the need for optimized solutions incorporating new materials and technologies. The research also discusses statistical approaches to stress-strength analysis and the practical challenges posed by cost, time, and rapid technological change.

The article presents the results of theoretical studies on the influence of the four-body suspension fitting support wheel designed for all-wheel drive tractors of class 3-4, the width and diameter of its node and the speed of the unit on the depth of immersion in the soil.

Gear units in vehicle units (extensions, lubricating oils, lubricants, distribution boxes, differentials, cylindrical, conical, cherubes, hypoids and other extrusions in the steering wheel). Their main task is to remove the worktable surfaces and to rub friction bearing units reducing the amount of wasted money. Also, these oils the heat generated from the frictional parts must be removed, corrosion-resistant, and the car must be maintained for a long time.

This article analyzes the key areas of strategic cooperation between Central Asian countries and the states of the Global South. It explores political, economic, environmental, security, and technological collaborations, highlighting their importance and future prospects. The discussion emphasizes opportunities for sustainable development and enhancement of international standing through mutually beneficial partnerships.

This article is devoted to the issues of optimizing software testing automation through the use of artificial intelligence. It highlights the application of AI technologies in testing, particularly their advantages in rapid error detection, automatic generation of test scenarios, and resource-efficient process management. In addition, the article discusses the reduction of human factor influence, improvement of software product quality, and potential innovative approaches that can be applied in this field in the future. The findings show that AI-based testing systems serve as an important factor in enhancing the efficiency of software engineering.

This article explores the significance of interactive and reflective teaching methods in the professional development of teachers. In modern education, the shift from traditional approaches to learner-centered methodologies highlights the need for teachers to continuously develop pedagogical and reflective competencies. The paper discusses key challenges in implementing interactive and reflective practices, such as resistance to change, insufficient training, and lack of institutional support. It further provides solutions including innovative professional development programs, collaborative learning platforms, and reflective practice models. Findings suggest that the integration of interactive and reflective methods fosters deeper learning, enhances professional identity, and equips teachers with the skills required for the 21st-century classroom.

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) represent a unique population of immune cells embedded within the epithelial layer of the gastrointestinal tract. Their histological distribution, morphological features, and immunological roles are essential for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and providing first-line defense against pathogens. This article aims to explore the structural characteristics, histological localization, and functional implications of IELs, integrating current knowledge from experimental and clinical studies.

This article analyzes the interconnection between artificial intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity in the modern development of informatics. It highlights how AI enhances the efficiency of processing large volumes of data, conducting analysis, and supporting decision-making processes. At the same time, modern cybersecurity systems built on AI are shown to outperform traditional approaches. The study employed literature review, case analysis, and examination of recent security systems. The results indicate that while AI plays a crucial role in detecting and preventing cyber threats, it also introduces new vulnerabilities that can be exploited. The authors emphasize that ethical responsibility, transparency, and strengthened human oversight are essential conditions for the sustainable development of informatics in the future.

In the process of studying this article, the grounds and deadlines for declaring a citizen missing, as well as issues related to declaring a citizen dead, are systematically studied, and their mainly property-related problems are analyzed, and suggestions and recommendations are made.

In the process of studying this article, the grounds and deadlines for declaring a citizen missing, as well as issues related to declaring a citizen dead, are systematically studied, and their mainly property-related problems are analyzed, and suggestions and recommendations are made.

This article analyzes the evolving role of Central Asia in global energy markets, highlighting both the economic opportunities and geopolitical risks facing the region. It explores the energy potential of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan—including oil, natural gas, hydropower, and renewables—while examining their strategic importance as energy exporters and transit hubs. The piece discusses the impact of rising domestic energy demand, aging infrastructure, and external dependencies, particularly on Russia and China. It also considers the region’s growing relevance to the European Union and global green transition efforts. By addressing challenges such as political instability, climate vulnerability, and infrastructure gaps, the article offers a comprehensive overview of Central Asia’s prospects in the shifting global energy order.

This article analyzes investments in marketing research by large companies operating on a global scale, their main motives, and the results achieved. In today's rapidly changing and competitive market, companies are investing heavily in research to deeply understand consumer needs, strengthen brand image, effectively introduce innovative products to the market, and improve marketing strategies. Using the example of companies such as Google, Amazon, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, and Coca-Cola, the volume of budget allocated for marketing research, the modern technologies used - in particular, artificial intelligence, Big Data, user behavior analysis, and other advanced methodologies - are analyzed. Based on these studies, companies are not only strengthening their market position but also gaining significant advantages in strategic decision-making. The article also thoroughly examines the effectiveness of marketing research and return on investment (ROI). In conclusion, a conscious and systematic approach to marketing research is an important factor in ensuring a long-term competitive advantage for large companies.