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THE ROLE OF LABOR MIGRATION IN ENSURING EMPLOYMENT OF THE
POPULATION
Akbarova Malika Ilkhomovna
Tashkent State University of Economics
ORCID: 0009-0006-9778-2636
e-mail: m.akbarova@tsue.uz
Gulmurodov Kamoliddin Abdukodir ugli
Tashkent State University of Economics
ORCID: 0009-0009-1936-7885
e-mail:
k.gulmurodov@tsue.uz
Annotation:
In this article, the issues of the development of the economy of Uzbekistan, the
migration movement of labor resources, the causes, problems in migration, the problem of
employment of the population and other problems are discussed.
Keywords:
Migration, external migration, permanent migration, seasonal migration, vibrational
migration, migration intensity, national content.
Introduction
An important social function of migration in conducting economic reforms in our country is to
create an alternative and popular system of employment at the expense of the initiative of the
population. The solution to this problem is the export of labor resources to nearby i.e. domestic
and remote foreign countries. The need of the population for such labor activity is huge. It should
be noted that citizens do not seek to work abroad, marrying only material supplies, only because
they are poor or cannot find work in their home or not. The exchange of the place of Labor is an
objective reality. In it, young people who strive mainly to know the news, participate in modern
technologies, gain advanced experiences also occupy a significant place.
Decree No. 5052 of the president of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 24, 2017 "on
measures to further improve public policy in the field of employment and radically increase the
efficiency of labor bodies"was adopted as one of the important documents in bringing Labor
Relations in our country to a new level.
The migration process is a territorial movement of the population, which has a direct impact on
all spheres of economic and social life, and in turn is associated with significant problems in the
settlement of the population. Therefore, changes that are significant to one degree or another in
the development of society are reflected in the influence of migration processes.
Literature review
Labor migration appeared several centuries ago and experienced serious changes over the past
period. The problems of international migration began to be paidjo. The main idea is that the
international location of labor resources, one of the factors of production, affects the pace of
economic growth, the reason for which are differences between states in the level of
remuneration.
The issues of labor migration are dealt with by many economic scientists around the world.
Adamchuk V.V., Volgin N.A., Genkin B.M., Galasnisina M.G., Kuzmina N.M., Pavlenkov V.A.,
Rudenko G.G., Tokarsky B.L., Tanyans G.S. and others who have focused their research on
research on labor migration issues.
The main migration residue used in the study of problems in international migration processes is
the concept of "leakage of minds" Prof. I.P.Proposed by Nikolaeva. On the scale of the Republic
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of Uzbekistan Abdurahmanov Q. X., Maksakova L.P., Mamarasulov F.U., Khudoyberdiev Z.The
names of Ya and others can be cited.
When researching the migration of labor resources, its gender, age, education, marital status,
profession, order according to the academic Q. Abdurakhmonov received attention in his
scientific research. The descriptions are compared with the composition of the labor force in the
places where migrants are located and leave, which makes it possible to make a more complete
and comprehensive assessment of quality indicators of migration, and not only the number of
labor resources.
Research methodology
In scientific observation of the importance of labor migration in increasing employment of the
population, methods based on the principles of abstract-logical, systematic analysis, analysis and
synthesis were used.
Analysis and results
According to the Ministry of employment and Labor Relations at the beginning of 2020, more
than 1 million citizens worked in foreign countries, which makes up 7.8% of the total
economically active population[5]. This situation requires a more serious focus on the issues of
labor migration at the state level, constant improvement of the existing mechanisms for its
regulation. It is not possible to solve these important tasks - without having accurate information
on the factors, directions and results of their migration, as well as on the labor resources involved
in it.
According to the decree of the president of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 24, 2017 "on
measures to organize the activities of the Ministry of employment and Labor Relations of the
Republic of Uzbekistan"No. 3001 [2] "the program of comprehensive measures to further
improve the activities of labor bodies and ensure the employment of the population"defines the
study of the possibility of ratification This Convention covers all aspects related to migrant labor
activity, their property and family migration.
It is known that the action of Population migration occurs as a result of the interaction of various
factors and causes. Of the reasons that force the population to move from one place to another,
the most important are economic-social reasons, that is, unemployment, finding a suitable job,
obtaining higher and secondary special education, that is, studying.
The creation of a legal framework for the implementation of labor activities of citizens of the
Republic of Uzbekistan abroad and the organization of labor activities of foreign citizens in
Uzbekistan, promotes the elimination of uncontrollable illegal migration activities.
The analyzes carried out within the framework of the studies included the socio-demographic
composition of participants in labor migration, factors, directions, geography of labor migration
processes, assessment of Foreign living, working conditions, income of migrants, their future
plans, ideas and proposals on the regulation of labor migration processes, on the possibility of
finding work in the place where they live. It should be noted that within the framework of studies
with the aim of studying the participation of young people and women in the processes of labor
migration in particular, the task of covering these groups as widely as possible has caused their
proportion in the migrant population to increase slightly compared to studies conducted in
previous years.
Currently, the largest wave of migration is from developing countries towards developed
countries. The largest number of foreign migrants in this is received by the United States. In
recent years, the number of immigrants in this state has been recorded to exceed 45 million
people. And among the Western European countries, the largest number of immigrants came to
Germany, Great Britain and France. In each of these countries, 7-10 million immigrants live. The
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bulk of immigrants to Western Europe go to Southwest and South Asia, North Africa and
Eastern Europe. Of the other developed countries, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Israel and
JAR are receiving many foreign migrants. Therefore, in all developed countries, the migration
balance (balance) is positive.
Large migratory flows have also occurred between developing countries, most of which have a
negative migration balance. In particular, a large number of foreign migrants are attracted by
Arab countries in the Persian Gulf, especially Saudi Arabia and the UAE, and by newly
industrialized countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia. Millions of immigrants from
Asian and African countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Yemen, Indonesia, Vietnam,
Egypt are going to work in these countries.
On the continents of Latin America, Asia and Africa, local (local) migration flows also occur
among neighboring countries, not only in terms of economic, but also in terms of number,
depending on political, environmental, ethnic factors, but also in terms of territorial scope. For
example, millions are migrating from Syria to Turkey, from Afghanistan to Iran, and from
Uganda to Kenya. Large migration flows also exist in the territory of the CIS and are more
oriented towards Russia.
According to the data, more than 3.1 million Uzbek people live abroad as labor migrants. The
volume of remittances they send to their families is 5% to 23% of the total population's income,
depending on the region of the Republic.
This means that in some provinces, the average statistic consists of about one-twenty percent of
the family's income, and in other provinces, about one-quarter or one-fifth of the population's
income.
The vast majority of Uzbeks work in Russia. In the last 4 years, the number of Uzbeks accounted
for by migration in Russia has increased from 3.3 million (in 2016) to 4.8 million people (in
2020), that is, 45 percent. Despite the steady increase in the overall rates of migration of this
direction during this period, conflicting trends in some indicators of migration are observed. In
particular, the number of Uzbeks receiving Russian citizenship is decreasing from year to year.
In addition, there is a decrease in the number of citizens of Uzbekistan with a temporary
residence permit in Russia.
In Russia, the vast majority – almost 82% - of Uzbeks taken at the expense of migration are labor
migrants. In 2019, citizens of Uzbekistan accounted for 38% of foreign citizens taken into
account for the purpose of a "business" trip in this state. The 2nd highest proportion is Tajik
citizens (22%), and the 3rd and 4th highest is Kyrgyz (8%) and Ukrainian (8%). As can be seen
from the above figures, in the past year, citizens of three Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) accounted for 68% of foreign labor resources in Russia, and citizens
of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan together accounted for more than half-60%.
In other indicators of migration, the proportion of Uzbeks is much lower than the proportion of
citizens of other countries. In particular, among foreign citizens who received permanent
residence in Russia in 2019, Ukrainians (29%) and Tajik residents (16%) took the leading
positions, while citizens of Uzbekistan took the 3rd place with 11%. Also among foreigners who
received Russian citizenship last year, the proportion of Uzbeks is very low, only 4 percent.
If we look at the migration of citizens of Uzbekistan to Russia in 2016-2019 for travel purposes,
the number of people who went for educational purposes increased by 2 times during this period,
the number of people who went for a "private" purpose increased by 50%, and the number of
people who went to work increased by 47%. In the last 4 years, the number of Uzbeks who went
to work in Russia amounted to 81 to 84 percent of the total number of citizens of Uzbekistan
taken as a primary migration.
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Despite the stable growth in the total indicators of migration in the direction of Uzbekistan-
Russia in the last 4 years, completely opposite trends are observed in some indicators. In
particular, the number of Uzbeks who received Russian citizenship during this period decreased
by 17%, the number of permits issued to citizens of Uzbekistan for temporary residence in
Russia decreased by 39%, and the number of Uzbek citizens with this permit decreased by 31%.
In these indicators of migration, a steady downward trend is observed.
The geography of migration with the goal of finding a job has begun to change in the last 4 years,
and there is a growing influx of workers to the United States, Turkey, Israel, South Korea, the
UAE and Kazakhstan.
The number of economically active residents of Uzbekistan is increasing, as is the number of
citizens who are marginalized in search of work. It is interesting to note that the ratio of these
numbers around 10 − 11 percent remains almost constant. In other words, every tenth
economically active citizen of Uzbekistan goes abroad every year in order to find a job. At the
same time, this figure decreased in 2020.
However, this does not reflect the total number of Uzbek migrants working abroad. To clarify
this number, we refer to statistics on the "hammabop" direction of labor migration. According to
data from the Russian Federation'S HIV and Central Bank, in the last 3 years, about 4.8 million
citizens of Uzbekistan per year have been credited with migration in this country. About half of
them went to Russia in order to find a "job".
When this number is compared with the amount of those who left Uzbekistan for Russia, it
seems that there is a lack of logic. According to the state committee for statistics of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, during the period 2018 – 2020 this figure was low.
There are two reasons for such a discrepancy. First, Citizens of Uzbekistan can be counted two
or three times during the year, for example, every time from 3 months. Secondly, many Uzbeks
go to Russia for a long time – for several years. They extend the registration without returning to
their homeland or are put on the account of re-migration.
The number of citizens of Uzbekistan in Russia is growing. This is also confirmed by the
positive balance of the migration account – the difference between the number of citizens of
Uzbekistan taken into account and debited is significant per year.
The dynamics of transfers from Russia to Uzbekistan deserves special attention. The total
amount of these transfers consists of the funds sent by Russian citizens and non – residents-
citizens of Uzbekistan.
Another important aspect of labor migration is that the quality composition of international
migrants (for example, from the point of view of the level of education) is changing, the
participation of highly qualified specialists in interstate migration flows is becoming more active.
This situation is of positive importance for developed countries, which are centers of
immigration, while emigration foci-for developing and transition economy countries-are the
opposite, that is, a negative situation.
Conclusions and suggestions
In conclusion, the effective organization of labor migration plays an important role in increasing
the employment level of the population. The following areas are relevant in the implementation
of these works:
Organizational and legal:
- Development of the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor migration;
- Organization of a special department dealing with labor migration issues under employment
assistance centers in districts;
- creation of broadband social and production infrastructure in labor resource deficient areas;
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- provision of legal and social protection of citizens moving to another territory in accordance
with the established procedure in order to carry out labor activities;
- appropriate free service to provide their migrants with accurate information;
- the creation of a single electronic automated system that takes into account labor migration
Economic:
- to issue special masters on wages of immigrants from other regions to low-income districts
with labor resources;
- payment of monthly monetary compensation for living-related expenses;
- free transfer of vacant and owner-free housing in remote districts to needy families who
voluntarily move from other areas and formalize this housing as their personal property;
- rural citizens' assemblies provide practical assistance to displaced and incoming families in
obtaining preferential loans from commercial banks so that they can engage in entrepreneurship;
- exemption of newly established business entities operating in industry and services in low-
income regions with labor migration from all types of taxes and mandatory payments;
-preschool educational institutions for children of labor migrants, exemption from the monthly
payment of parents for the education of children up to 1 year, etc.k.
Social:
- collect and publish information about vacancies, job character, salary, qualifications required of
workers in labor resource-poor areas in each neighborhood;
- providing moving families with sleeping places;
- providing practical assistance to the rapid adaptation of domestic labor migrants to the new
place of residence by the neighborhood citizens ' assemblies;
- providing the necessary medical care to the family members of labor migrants;
-to create all the conditions for the education of migrant children, etc.k.
Solving the problem of internal migration leads to a decrease in External labor migration. One of
the most common problems in the process of external labor migration are violations of the rights
of migrants, human trafficking and discrimination. Also one of the most problematic issues today
is the lack of personal safety of migrants, especially labour migrants who are operating
informally, on their way abroad or on their way home.
List of used literature:
1.
Abdurakhmonov. “Labor economics theory and practice " vol.:” FAN " publishers-
2019.
2.
Kholmuminov Sh.R., Khomitov K.Z., Arabov N.U., Bobonazarova Zh.Kh.,
Abduramanov H.H. The population of the country has a theoretical and practical basis. Vol.: 2018.
89 b.
3.
Kholmuminov Sh.R., Khomitov K.Z., Arabov N.U., Bobonazarova J.H., Abduramanov
H.H. The population of the country has a theoretical and practical basis. Vol.: 2018. 90
