Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics

 This article studies the concept, content, role and significance of e-government in the provision of public services from a theoretical and legal perspective. In addition, the digitalization and electronicization of public services through the e-government system, methods of implementing services, its main functions and objectives are analyzed legally on the basis of national legislation. At the same time, this article puts forward proposals on the prospects for using e-government services, cost savings, efficiency gains and service improvements that can be achieved through the use of digital platforms.

in this article, we have summarized a brief overview of the role and place of market and public spaces in urban space. Markets are considered one of the most important urban elements in the past and present. While markets have changed from traditional markets to modern ones, they still have a special place in cities and settlements. The process of changing markets can also be used for in-depth analysis of society. Accordingly, this article will first try to determine market architecture in the traditional and modern sense, as well as its place in society, politically, socially, economically and religiously. The market was created in each period to meet the needs of the people of its time, but in the formation of architecture and landscaping it stands in a lower order than expected.

This article is focused on exploring the role and importance of coaching and mentoring methods in developing the leadership skills of school principals. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of coaching and mentoring, their role in enhancing the personal and professional competencies of school principals, as well as the challenges faced in implementing these methods in Uzbekistan. The article provides recommendations for the effective application of coaching and mentoring, including training qualified specialists, developing manuals and methodological materials, and reducing the gap between urban and rural schools.

This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of reading short narratives in enhancing the Critical Thinking (CT) skills of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This focus stems from the widespread presence of narratives in various aspects of human life and the essential role that CT plays in guiding students toward success in both academic and non-academic settings. To achieve this, the study involved 59 undergraduate EFL students majoring in English translation. Ultimately, 54 participants were selected, with 27 individuals assigned to each of the two groups: the narrative group (which engaged with the national fairy tale “Zumrad and Kimmat”) and the control group that did not use narratives. This selection considered the participants' language proficiency and CT skills to ensure group homogeneity.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among women of reproductive age remains a global public health challenge. Effective management during pregnancy and delivery is critical to reduce the risks of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and to optimize both maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study and systematic literature review were conducted to evaluate the current strategies in managing HIV-infected pregnant women. Clinical data from 250 HIV-positive pregnant patients, managed at a tertiary care center between 2010 and 2020, were analyzed. Key outcome measures included rates of MTCT, obstetric complications, mode of delivery, and postpartum outcomes. Additionally, findings from recent randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses were synthesized. Results: The analysis showed that integrated multidisciplinary care—including antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, regular prenatal monitoring, and tailored delivery planning—significantly reduced the MTCT rate to below 2%. Table 1 summarizes the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort, while Table 2 presents a comparative overview of pregnancy outcomes based on the timing of ART initiation. Obstetric complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight were more prevalent in women who initiated ART late in pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of early intervention. Conclusion: Optimal management of pregnancy and delivery in HIV-infected women necessitates early diagnosis, prompt initiation of ART, and comprehensive prenatal care. Future research should focus on long-term maternal and child health outcomes and strategies to overcome barriers in resource-limited settings.

Habitual intolerance—defined as a pervasive inability to endure discomfort, disagreement, or perceived adversity—has emerged as a pressing psychological and social concern in modern societies. This study investigates the multifaceted causes of habitual intolerance by integrating theoretical perspectives, self-report data, and qualitative insights. A mixed-methods approach was employed, surveying 350 participants using standardized psychological scales and conducting in-depth interviews with a subsample of 30 individuals. Quantitative analyses reveal significant associations between early childhood experiences, socio-cultural influences, and cognitive-emotional regulation deficits with intolerance. Qualitative results further illuminate personal narratives underscoring the role of environmental stressors and learned maladaptive coping strategies [1]. Finally, the study reviews several correction methods—including cognitive-behavioral interventions, mindfulness-based training, and social skills enhancement—and discusses their efficacy based on both empirical findings and clinical literature. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of preventative strategies, therapeutic practices, and future research directions [2].

Late postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), defined as excessive bleeding occurring after the first 24 hours and up to six weeks postpartum, remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity. This prospective multicenter observational study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with the development of late PPH and to evaluate their predictive value. A total of 650 postpartum women were enrolled and followed for six weeks postpartum. Data collected included clinical characteristics, obstetric history, laboratory parameters, and imaging findings. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified key predictors, including uterine subinvolution, retained products of conception, infection markers, and coagulation profile abnormalities [1]. The presence of these factors was significantly associated with an increased risk of late PPH (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 2.1 to 3.5, p < 0.001). These findings underscore the need for targeted surveillance and early intervention strategies in high-risk populations to improve maternal outcomes [2].

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is associated with increased risks during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and complications during labor and delivery. This article reviews current evidence on the management of pregnancy in obese women and proposes an integrative approach for optimizing both maternal and fetal outcomes. A systematic review of recent literature and clinical guidelines was undertaken, focusing on preconception counseling, antepartum care, intrapartum management, and postpartum follow-up. The methodology emphasized interdisciplinary collaboration, risk stratification, and individualized care plans. Our findings indicate that tailored interventions—such as nutritional counseling, physical activity promotion, pharmacologic management for coexisting conditions, and specialized obstetric care—can significantly reduce adverse outcomes. In addition, emerging technologies (e.g., ultrasound imaging modifications and noninvasive fetal monitoring) and simulation-based obstetric training have the potential to further refine care protocols. Despite promising advances, challenges persist in standardizing protocols across diverse healthcare settings and in ensuring equitable access to comprehensive care. In conclusion, a multifaceted strategy that integrates evidence-based clinical practices, patient education, and policy-level support is essential for improving the trajectory of pregnancy and delivery in obese women. Future research should focus on long-term maternal and child health outcomes, cost-effectiveness of interventions, and the development of standardized protocols adaptable to various resource settings.

This article analyzes the issues of managing inclusive training of teachers in the educational process based on a competency-based approach. The professional training of teachers in an inclusive educational environment, their role in the formation of special competencies, and modern management approaches are considered. The use of a competency-based approach in inclusive education opens up opportunities for improving the pedagogical skills of teachers, improving the quality of education, and forming an education system that meets the individual needs of each student. The article also discusses innovative methods and model-based approaches to effectively manage the inclusive education process.

This article discusses the methods of learning English using blended learning methods. It analyzes how the combination of traditional and modern pedagogical approaches can increase the effectiveness of the educational process. The advantages of blended learning methods are discussed, including ways to make the language learning process more interesting and effective through a combination of interactive technologies, a communicative approach, and independent learning methods. The article also discusses the role of real-life activities in the formation of language competence.

Tourism is a crucial sector in the development of Uzbekistan’s economy, contributing significantly to GDP growth, employment generation, and local business expansion. This presentation examines how Uzbekistan’s rich cultural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites, plays a key role in attracting millions of tourists annually. The resulting increase in tourist arrivals boosts revenue in sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and trade, while also driving infrastructure improvements. By highlighting the economic and social impact of tourism, this study emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices to ensure long-term growth, cultural preservation, and improved living standards for the Uzbek population.

This article explores the essence of financial economic activity in educational institutions, its theoretical foundations and effective management processes. Issues such as financial management in the educational system, rational use of budgetary funds, compilation of financial statements and resource management were considered. As a result of the study, conclusions were presented on the specifics of the financial activities of educational institutions, their problems and ways to solve them.

This article explores the impact of land cadastre on investment processes and modern methodological approaches to its assessment. The role of the cadastre system as a key factor in investment activity is analyzed. Reliable data on land resources is considered a crucial element for investors. The study is based on advanced international practices. The article proposes ways to improve the investment climate through land cadastre systems.

Budget treasury execution plays a crucial role in the effective management of public finances. It ensures that government expenditures are carried out efficiently, transparently, and in accordance with fiscal policies. Treasury execution involves cash management, financial reporting, and control mechanisms that optimize resource allocation and minimize financial risks. By streamlining budget execution, governments can enhance fiscal discipline, improve accountability, and support economic stability. The integration of digital technologies in treasury operations further strengthens financial oversight and enhances public sector efficiency.

Japan's state policy to eliminate discrimination in the labor sector focuses on gender equality, the protection of the rights of foreign workers, and combating age-based discrimination. This article is dedicated to the key priorities of Japan's anti-discrimination policies in the labor sector. The policy reflects measures aimed at reducing instances of discrimination based on gender, age, race, nationality, and other social groups within the labor market. It analyzes legal norms, including laws on equal opportunities and additional strategic programs designed to ensure equal employment opportunities and create a fair competitive environment. Furthermore, the article provides information on the social and economic impacts of these policies, the benefits created for participants in the labor market, and prospective measures to ensure inclusivity. This approach reflects Japan's global experience and strategic decisions aimed at improving labor relations, embodying the aspirations to establish an effective system for combating discrimination.

Reading comprehension is a fundamental skill in language learning, and developing effective reading strategies enhances students' ability to process texts efficiently. Skimming and scanning are two critical techniques that help learners extract key information rapidly and improve reading fluency. This paper examines the importance of skimming and scanning in reading instruction, explores various pedagogical approaches for teaching these strategies, and discusses their impact on learners’ reading proficiency. The study is based on theoretical insights, empirical research, and classroom-based practices that highlight the effectiveness of these techniques in different educational settings.

Altruism, the selfless concern for the well-being of others, is a fundamental value in both education and upbringing. While education primarily focuses on intellectual and skill development, upbringing shapes a child's moral and ethical framework. This paper explores whether altruism is more crucial in education or upbringing, analyzing their respective roles in fostering selflessness, empathy, and social responsibility.[2] Research suggests that early childhood experiences significantly influence altruistic tendencies, making upbringing a vital foundation. However, schools provide structured opportunities for students to practice altruism through collaboration, community service, and ethical education. This study examines psychological, philosophical, and pedagogical perspectives on altruism, discussing its impact on personal and societal development. It also explores how parents and educators can work together to cultivate a culture of selflessness. The findings indicate that while upbringing lays the foundation for altruism, education refines and expands it through real-world applications. Ultimately, altruism should be deeply embedded in both spheres to create compassionate and responsible individuals.[1]

The given problem is directly connected with development of explosive force, is an actual problem in high speed-power kinds of sports. Levels of explosive abilities during competitions often are a determinative of achievement of a victory. It is proved, that exercises with device "SPORK" use in vertical jumps are accelerated by development of explosive actions of sportsmen and it positively influences competitive result of young wrestlers.

Cyber insurance has emerged as a critical tool in mitigating the financial risks associated with cyber threats. As the frequency and complexity of cyberattacks continue to rise, businesses across various industries are increasingly turning to cyber insurance to protect themselves against financial losses, legal liabilities, and reputational damage. This article explores the key components of cyber insurance, including first-party and third-party coverage, policy exclusions, and the evolving market trends. It examines the growing demand for cyber insurance, the factors influencing policy selection, and the regulatory developments that shape the industry. Additionally, the article discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging risks, such as artificial intelligence and deepfake technologies, which require insurers to continuously adapt their offerings. The role of cyber insurance in the broader context of cybersecurity risk management is emphasized, highlighting its complementary function in a comprehensive digital defense strategy.

This article provides an overview of economic sociology using the example of the Uzbekistan, where there are unique problems associated with the transformation of socio-economic relations during the post-Soviet adaptation of the republics that were part of the Soviet Union. Social inequality, discrimination and inequality based on race, ethics, religion or gender, lack of inclusivity – these and many other social challenges and problems that our society faces require finding solutions and optimal solutions to the situation, as society and the development of society directly affect the economy of the country as a whole, the stability of society. and the quality of life of the citizens of the entire Central Asian region and each country. Social justice creates stability in market relations and promotes economic growth, and equal rights and opportunities create the necessary level of trust in society for growth and development. The article analyzes the changes that have taken place since the independence of the republics, as well as the post-pandemic period, which made significant adjustments to the lives of citizens of Central Asian countries.  

 This article analyzes the importance of English in economic and business fields. English is central to the global economy and is widely used as the main medium of business communication. The article highlights the importance of using English in international trade, investment, business education and online platforms. It also shows the economic benefits of learning English, particularly its role in entering a new market and establishing international cooperation. English not only creates opportunities for companies to operate successfully, but also expands individual job opportunities. The article helps to understand the place of English in business and economic processes and emphasizes the importance of language knowledge in the global economy.

In the context of the digital transformation of the economy of Uzbekistan, marketing strategies are acquiring new forms and tools. In this article, we consider the key aspects of digital marketing, including content marketing, SEO, SMM, contextual advertising and data analytics. We pay special attention to the adaptation of marketing strategies to the specifics of the Uzbek market, as well as the prospects for their further development.

In this article are presented for the first-time mirrors from China which are stored in collection of the State Museum of the history of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). On the basis of the resulted analogies authors determine dating of mirrors, and also assort symbolics of images.

This article describes the role of women in Uzbekistan in the fields of charity, education, science, and culture, as well as their contributions to the development and activities of various sectors. In addition to delivering essential supplies to the front, Uzbekistan's women adopted and raised many children of different nationalities during the evacuation, showing parental love. In the victory over fascism, they demonstrated not only at the front but also in the rear an example of pride, invaluable worth, and great courage characteristic of the Uzbek people.

This article examines the processes of museification of historical and architectural monuments of residential buildings in Uzbekistan, using the example of the Faiyzulla Khodjaev House Museum in Bukhara. Although this monument spans a long period (late 19th – early 20th century), no information has been preserved regarding the date of its construction or the local craftsmen who created the interior decorative elements. The article also analyzes the gradual processes of the restoration of the object.

 This article examines the emergence and development of Zoroastrian beliefs. Like other beliefs, Zoroastrianism has had a significant place in people's lives. It also reveals that some elements of the rituals of this faith have been preserved to this day. It also provides information about the discovery of elements of the Zoroastrian funeral ritual at archaeological sites.

 This article examines the processes of preserving and presenting the art of carpet weaving as intangible cultural heritage in museums. It provides an in-depth analysis of the role of museums in safeguarding national craft traditions and conveying their historical and artistic significance to future generations. The article considers issues of scientific research, exhibitions, and presentations of carpets, and substantiates the importance of the museumification process in preserving and promoting cultural heritage. Additionally, the article demonstrates the significance of museums in tourism and cultural education processes.

The article discusses the issue of developing the tourism industry in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in the context of museum exhibitions of existing resources. New and modern approaches to tourism through the prism of museums, including innovative solutions, museum pedagogy elements, and the application of interactive technologies, are considered. The materials used in practice, obtained from archaeological and ethnographic research, as well as artifacts that can attract the attention of visitors, are analyzed. It is also emphasized that museum pedagogy can effectively solve the issues of ideological education of young people by combining tourist and museum perception.

This article highlights the contribution of the renowned Uzbek archaeologist, Academician Akhmadali Askarov, to the enrichment of museum collections in Uzbekistan. Special attention is given to the exhibitions created based on artifacts donated by the scholar, as well as to the unique exhibits displayed in these museums.

This article explores the historical evolution of agrarian relations in Uzbekistan from the second half of the 19th century through the 20th century. It examines the transformation of land ownership, irrigation systems, the role of the Russian Empire and Soviet policies, and their impact on local agricultural practices and rural society. The study highlights the continuity and change in land relations, emphasizing the role of reforms, colonial influence, and socialist collectivization in shaping Uzbekistan’s agrarian landscape.

Intestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among children and vulnerable populations in resource-limited settings. A critical complication of these infections is dehydration, which can lead to severe electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if not promptly managed. This study investigates the strategies for preventing dehydration and evaluates rehydration therapy protocols in patients with intestinal infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 350 patients presenting with acute diarrheal illness at multiple healthcare centers. Clinical assessment, laboratory markers of hydration, and outcomes of various rehydration therapy regimens—including oral rehydration solution (ORS), intravenous fluids, and adjunct therapies—were analyzed. The findings underscore the effectiveness of early intervention with standardized rehydration protocols, which significantly reduce morbidity and improve clinical outcomes [1]. The study also identifies key factors that predict treatment success, such as the severity of fluid loss and the timeliness of therapy initiation. These insights support the development of evidence-based guidelines for managing dehydration in intestinal infections and emphasize the need for continuous training and resource allocation in high-risk settings [2].

In this article, the author tried to clarify the psychological features of feeling the gap in boxers by studying the scientific and theoretical literature of international scientists using a new methodology. The author measures nine types of intermediate distances in boxers (Opponent: moving away, approaching, turning right, turning left, Me: approaching, moving away, turning right, turning left, stepping) international class masters of sports, masters of sports, candidates for master of sports, first, second and conducted research on three hundred boxers with a third sports degree. He tried to clarify the psychological and pedagogical elements of boxers' sense of distance using a device that allows accurate measurement and development of distance. In his experimental studies, he tried to determine the formative years of the boxers' qualifications and their development of the intermediate distance in the fight from an empirical point of view. At the same time, based on the results of his scientific research, he gave suggestions and recommendations to boxers and trainers on how to form an intermediate distance in a short time.

This article discusses the auction sales of pedigree cattle organized in many countries of the world, projects for breeding pedigree cattle, their main goals, their role in international trade and economic relations, and large-scale work aimed at increasing the production of meat and dairy products. It also emphasizes that in order to organize auction sales of pedigree cattle in Uzbekistan, it is necessary, first of all, to breed pedigree cattle, breed them on local breeding farms through modern insemination, and organize work on the best offspring from the best offspring, as a result of which the economic and social benefits are observed.

This article discusses the auction sales of antiques and works of art organized in many countries of the world, the history of the development of sales, the main goals of organizing sales, the importance of auction sales in international trade and economic relations, the organization and development of auction sales of antiques and works of art, ensuring the creators of works of art their place in the world market, and thereby creating additional jobs, and their material and financial development. In addition, the importance of works of art in the development of the culture of society is emphasized. It is also highlighted that the development of auction sales of antiques and works of art in Uzbekistan is a requirement of the time.

Auctions are a very popular form of trade in many countries today, particularly in Europe, America, China, Japan, and Arab countries. In them, an object is put up for public sale and a kind of competition is organized among buyers to buy this object, and whoever pays the most money wins the sale.

This article mainly discusses the 4 formats that are currently common in the world. (English, Dutch, sealed first price, vickry) auction sales, their positive and negative aspects are covered.

This article is explored the challenges and strategies involved in translating Uzbek short stories into English, focusing on language-specific features, cultural nuances, and stylistic considerations. Uzbek literature, with its distinct linguistic characteristics and rich cultural heritage, presents unique difficulties in translation. This paper is examined key features such as lexical choices, idiomatic expressions, sentence structure, and the transfer of cultural references. Through an in-depth analysis of selected Uzbek short stories and their English translations, the research uncovers the strategies used by translators to overcome these challenges and preserve the essence of the original text. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of the translator’s role in balancing fidelity to the source text with readability and cultural resonance in the target language.

 The article presents an evolution and the origins of translation studies, and discusses a range of theories, techniques, and theoretical frameworks that influenced its development. Despite being a relatively new discipline, translation studies have seen significant changes. The need for this profession in the modern, globalized world has brought the early theories of translation under examination because they had to take into account much more than just word equality in order to meet the demands of the complex and dynamic field of translation.

This paper examines the role of phonetic stylistic devices—namely alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia—in shaping the immersive experience of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone by J.K. Rowling. These linguistic elements contribute significantly to character development, mood establishment, and reader engagement. Alliteration is prominently used in character names and spells, reinforcing personality traits and making them more memorable. Assonance enhances the lyrical quality of the text, deepening the sense of wonder and adventure. Onomatopoeia brings scenes to life by creating auditory imagery that heightens emotional responses and narrative tension. Furthermore, the phonetic contrasts between benevolent and malevolent characters reinforce the story’s moral framework, guiding readers’ perceptions. By weaving these phonetic devices into key moments of the plot, Rowling creates a rhythmic and cohesive storytelling experience that captivates audiences. This study highlights how sound and meaning interact in Rowling’s work, ultimately enriching the thematic depth and immersive quality of her fantasy world.

This article highlights the role and creative path of the renowned Russian poet and skilled translator Aleksandr Faynberg, who made a significant contribution to Uzbek poetry and literature. It explores his literary journey and works, providing insights into his creative legacy.

In this article, the author tried to clarify the psychological features of feeling the gap in boxers by studying the scientific and theoretical literature of international scientists using a new methodology. The author measures nine types of intermediate distances in boxers (Opponent: moving away, approaching, turning right, turning left, Me: approaching, moving away, turning right, turning left, stepping) international class masters of sports, masters of sports, candidates for master of sports, first, second and conducted research on three hundred boxers with a third sports degree. He tried to clarify the psychological and pedagogical elements of boxers' sense of distance using a device that allows accurate measurement and development of distance. In his experimental studies, he tried to determine the formative years of the boxers' qualifications and their development of the intermediate distance in the fight from an empirical point of view. At the same time, based on the results of his scientific research, he gave suggestions and recommendations to boxers and trainers on how to form an intermediate distance in a short time.

Ancient world monuments are landmarks that reflect humanity's cultural and architectural achievements. They were built in different eras and regions, with some still standing today, while others have taken on a legendary status.

Neuroeducation is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles of neuroscience, psychology, and education to improve teaching and learning. This article explores the role of neuroeducation in understanding how the brain processes information and how this knowledge can inform educational practices. The paper discusses the significance of neuroplasticity, memory, attention, and emotion in learning, as well as practical applications of this understanding in classrooms. Emphasizing the importance of a brain-based approach to teaching, this article aims to provide educators with insights on how to create more effective learning environments.

The article discusses the role of interests in the development of cognitive activity of preschoolers, the use of different types of settings and the use of various projects in the practice of modern preschool organizations.

Acute diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity among children worldwide, particularly when associated with parasitic infections. This study investigates the immunological responses in pediatric patients suffering from acute diarrhea in the context of parasitic infections. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on children aged 6–14 years from urban and rural areas. Immunological parameters including cytokine profiles, immunoglobulin levels, and leukocyte counts were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), flow cytometry, and conventional hematological methods. The findings reveal a marked alteration in immune markers in children with parasitic-induced acute diarrhea compared to healthy controls [1]. These alterations may contribute to disease severity and prolonged recovery, underlining the importance of early diagnosis and targeted immunomodulatory therapies. The study’s outcomes could inform future diagnostic protocols and treatment strategies for pediatric diarrhea in regions with high parasitic prevalence [2].

This article is currently talking about the issue of effective organization of classes as a result of the use of interactive methods in teaching the Russian language, increasing interest in the Russian language in students, and the ability to correctly apply methods in the course of the lesson.

Acute intestinal infections – commonly manifesting as acute gastroenteritis with diarrhea and vomiting – remain a significant global public health challenge. These infections are caused by a variety of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) and disproportionately affect young children and vulnerable populations. Worldwide, they contribute to high morbidity and are among the leading causes of mortality in children under five. Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water, food, or person-to-person spread. Notable outbreaks in recent years (such as large cholera epidemics) underscore the ongoing threat in both developing and developed regions. Effective prevention requires a multifaceted strategy. Key measures include ensuring access to safe drinking water, improving sanitation, promoting hand hygiene and food safety practices, and deploying vaccines (like rotavirus and cholera vaccines) where appropriate. Public health interventions – from community education to robust surveillance and outbreak response – are crucial to reduce the incidence of acute intestinal infections. This article reviews the epidemiology and transmission of these infections, examines recent outbreaks, and highlights evidence-based preventive strategies that can substantially reduce the burden of acute intestinal infections globally.

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable disease caused by the measles virus. Although healthy children typically experience an acute, self-limiting illness, measles can be more severe or prolonged in those with underlying comorbidities. This article examines how different comorbid conditions—ranging from malnutrition and immunodeficiency to chronic respiratory and cardiac diseases—influence the clinical course, complications, and management strategies for measles in pediatric patients [1]. Emphasis is placed on preventive measures, including comprehensive immunization and supportive therapies such as vitamin A supplementation [2].

HIV infection (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) remains one of the most pressing global health challenges. Despite significant advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and preventive strategies, HIV continues to predispose individuals to a wide range of opportunistic infections (OIs). These opportunistic diseases dramatically affect the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLHIV). In many low- and middle-income countries, limited access to comprehensive care and late diagnosis often exacerbate the burden of opportunistic infections [1]. Understanding the clinical, epidemiological, and immunological aspects of opportunistic diseases, alongside ensuring effective treatment and prevention of HIV, is critical for reducing related complications, improving patients’ quality of life, and achieving the global goals for HIV/AIDS control [2].

Infectious mononucleosis (IM), commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a significant health condition worldwide due to its high prevalence and impact on various age groups. Over 90% of the global population is infected with EBV by adulthood, making it one of the most ubiquitous human viruses [1]. The clinical syndrome of IM (often called “glandular fever”) typically manifests when EBV infection is acquired during adolescence or young adulthood. In contrast, children often contract EBV at an earlier age, especially in lower-income regions, but usually experience either mild illness or no recognizable symptoms [2]. This age-dependent difference in disease expression makes IM particularly relevant: it is a leading cause of prolonged fever and lymphadenopathy in teens and young adults, while frequently underdiagnosed in younger children due to its subtle presentation in that group. From a global perspective, socio-demographic factors influence the timing of EBV infection. In many developing countries and densely populated areas, most children are infected in early childhood (with seroprevalence exceeding 50% before age 3), reducing the incidence of adolescent IM [3]. Conversely, in developed countries with higher hygiene and living standards, primary EBV infection is often delayed until the second decade of life, resulting in a higher proportion of symptomatic IM cases in that age group [5].

Understanding the characteristics of IM across different ages is clinically important because the disease can disrupt schooling or work during the acute illness and occasionally leads to serious complications. Moreover, EBV’s impact extends beyond the acute infection: a symptomatic primary EBV infection (IM) in adolescence has been associated with increased risks of certain malignancies such as Hodgkin lymphoma later in life [4]. Therefore, a comprehensive, age-stratified understanding of infectious mononucleosis has global public health relevance. This article examines IM in children versus adults, highlighting epidemiological trends, clinical course differences, immune response variations, and management strategies, to inform better recognition and care of this disease in different populations.

Liver cirrhosis remains a significant long-term complication of chronic viral hepatitis, particularly in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study investigates the clinical and laboratory changes associated with the progression from chronic viral hepatitis to liver cirrhosis. A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 250 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis (150 with HCV and 100 with HBV) along with a control group of 80 healthy subjects [1]. Clinical parameters—including liver function tests, coagulation profiles, and ultrasound findings—were evaluated alongside immunological markers such as cytokine levels and viral load quantification. The results demonstrate significant alterations in biochemical and immunological parameters as cirrhosis develops, with notable differences between hepatitis C and B infections. These findings may improve early diagnostic accuracy and help guide therapeutic strategies to delay cirrhosis progression [2].

Viral hepatitis C (HCV) in young children continues to be a significant health problem, including in the context of declining prevalence of other types of parenteral hepatitis. Features of the course of HCV in early childhood are associated with the immaturity of the immune system and the possibility of vertical transmission of infection from mother to child. This article examines the main routes of infection in young children, clinical manifestations and modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment [1]. Risk factors for the chronic course of hepatitis C are analyzed and the need for early screening diagnostics is emphasized, which allows timely initiation of antiviral therapy and improves the outcome of the disease [2].

This article reviews current data on the clinical and immunological features of whooping cough in young children. An analysis of the clinical course, characteristic symptoms and dynamics of the immune response, including anti-whooping cough immunity and age differences in its formation, was conducted [1]. The results of the study emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis and adequate therapy, as well as the need to comply with national vaccination schedules to prevent complicated forms of whooping cough [2].

This article analyzes the economic aspects of increasing energy efficiency in rural areas through the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in agrotourism. The integration of RE and agrotourism is important in ensuring sustainable development in the agricultural and tourism sectors. The study analyzes the economic aspects of this integration, including factors such as reducing energy costs, creating new jobs, and developing local infrastructure. Foreign experience is also studied and the possibilities of its application in the conditions of Uzbekistan are considered.

This study explores the application of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models—DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT—in orthodontics through a virtual simulation framework. Twenty virtual patients with malocclusions (Class I, II, III) were simulated over 28 days to evaluate AI-driven diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient education. DeepSeek achieved a 15% reduction in diagnostic errors compared to manual assessments, leveraging structured reasoning for cephalometric analysis. Grok 3 improved treatment plan accuracy by 20%, utilizing real-time biomechanical feedback to adjust tooth movement. ChatGPT enhanced patient comprehension by 25%, delivering natural language explanations of treatment processes. The virtual platform ensured precise control over variables like tooth movement rates and compliance, overcoming ethical and logistical barriers of traditional studies. Statistical analysis using t-tests (p < 0.05) confirmed significant performance differences, with DeepSeek excelling in diagnostic precision, Grok 3 in adaptive planning, and ChatGPT in communication. These findings underscore AI’s potential to enhance orthodontic practice by improving accuracy, efficiency, and patient engagement. The complementary strengths of these models suggest a hybrid approach for future applications. As an open-access study, this work aligns with the Journal of Dental Sciences mission to advance clinical dentistry through innovative research, offering a scalable, cost-effective framework for orthodontic advancements.

The publication examines the clinical features and methods of preventing primary headaches in children and adolescents: migraine and tension headaches. Modifiable and non-modifiable migraine trigger factors are analyzed, and methods of non-drug and drug prevention of headaches are discussed.

Functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents is characterized by a wide range of manifestations, does not belong to a separate nosological form, has clinical, prognostic significance and maintains the interest of internists in diagnostics and treatment. Given the wide variety of signs of the systemic nature of the process in childhood, it is advisable to comprehensively examine patients with abdominal pain. Of fundamental importance for pediatric practice is an accurate syndromic diagnosis, which determines the need and strategy of treatment, while the tactical task of the doctor is to choose a drug with the greatest therapeutic and least toxic potential.

This study examines how teachers function in both conventional and contemporary teaching methods, examining how they affect learning outcomes, information retention, and student involvement. Although they offer structured learning, traditional teaching approaches that emphasize lectures, memorization, and teacher-centered instruction frequently restrict student interaction and critical thinking. On the other hand, contemporary methods that encourage active engagement, creativity, and problem-solving abilities include project-based learning, student-centered learning, and technology integration. According to the research findings, while modern teaching methods increase engagement and deeper learning, limitations such as teacher training, resource availability, and institutional constraints prevent complete implementation. The study reveals that a balanced approach, combining classic techniques' organized discipline with the interactive and flexible nature of modern education, can improve learning experiences. Future study should concentrate on improving teacher training programs, boosting access to digital resources, and creating adaptive curricular models to meet the changing educational context.

This study employs cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis to determine Apple Inc.'s major product lines' critical volume and operating leverage. We examine the relationship between production volume, expenses, and profitability using available financial data. The findings reveal Apple's profitability sensitivity to changes in sales volume and cost structures.

In pedagogical literature, the term "Education" is used in both broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, education means the sum of all influences, activities, actions, and aspirations aimed at the formation of a human personality, ensuring its active participation in the production and social, cultural, and educational life of society. In this understanding, education includes not only educational work carried out in the family, school, children's and youth organizations, but also the entire social system, its leading ideas. Also, the concept of education in a broad sense includes education and obtaining information. This article provides information on raising students as well-rounded individuals.