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THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES IN THE LIFE OF
SOCIETY
Abdullayev Bahodir Allamurod o'g'li
SamDAQU Phase 3 doctoral student
Gmail.ru:
Annotation:
in this article, we have summarized a brief overview of the role and place of market
and public spaces in urban space. Markets are considered one of the most important urban
elements in the past and present. While markets have changed from traditional markets to
modern ones, they still have a special place in cities and settlements. The process of changing
markets can also be used for in-depth analysis of society. Accordingly, this article will first try to
determine market architecture in the traditional and modern sense, as well as its place in society,
politically, socially, economically and religiously. The market was created in each period to meet
the needs of the people of its time, but in the formation of architecture and landscaping it stands
in a lower order than expected.
Keywords:
market architecture. Public places. Market shape, traditional architecture
В этой статье мы обобщили краткие представления о роли и месте рынка и общественных
пространств в городском пространстве. Рынки считаются одним из важнейших элементов
города в прошлом и настоящем. Хотя рынки изменились с традиционных на современные,
они по-прежнему занимают особое место в городах и населенных пунктах. Процесс
трансформации рынков также можно использовать для глубокого анализа общества.
Соответственно, в этой статье делается попытка прежде всего определить рыночную
архитектуру в традиционном и современном смысле, а также ее место в обществе с
политической, социальной, экономической и религиозной точек зрения. Рынок был создан
для удовлетворения потребностей людей своего времени в каждую эпоху, но при
формировании архитектуры и ландшафтного дизайна он находится на более низком
уровне, чем ожидалось.
Ключевые слова:
Рыночная архитектура. Общественные места.
Рыночная форма, традиционная архитектура
Introduction
. A market is a certain area in the hands of a specific set of people who trade alone
or in groups according to their profession and the supply and supply that exists in society. What
is today called a crossing or shopping center is actually a shape that has changed and is moving
from a traditional market to a modern one. The market itself has several thousand years of
history in the world. Since a person managed to produce more than necessary and considered
replacing it with other products and the necessary ones, the process of market formation (albeit
in its initial form) began. To this end, first of all, playgrounds were allocated for the work around
large villages, which were gradually exchanged during the seasons on the days of the week.
Later, with the expansion of societies and exchanges, time, place, form and structure also
underwent evolutionary changes and developments, gradually becoming more permanent and
homeless from temporary status and permanent from architecture to structural structures. The
market dates from antiquity to the background of settlements whose economy was based on
crafts and processing ten thousand years ago.
Main part.
The market is a Persian word whose origin means Pahlavi language, the place of
prices historically refers to the place where market buyers and sellers go to exchange goods or
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services. According to historical data, we can see the first trade caravans in the murals of the
palace “Afrasiyab” in Samarkand.
Archaeological material found in afrosiab indicates that Samarkand originated as the central city
of Sughdiyona in 8-5 BC. The initial trade also began to slowly grow the first buds of
development from this period.
Mil. av. In 329, the city was destroyed by the troops of Alexander The Great, traces of which are
still well preserved in the city's defensive structures[2]. After the destruction of the city, all the
functions that serve to make trade and other urban development stagnate.
Mil.av. During the Kushan dynasty of the 3rd –1st centuries, there were ascents in the life of the
City[2]. Mil. av. In the 3rd century, the city was surrounded by a double defensive wall. It is well
preserved in the north of Afrosiob, the thick cultural layer of the times, in the part where its arch
organ is located. Archaeological materials and written sources state that during this time the
Great Silk Road passed through Samarkand, domestic and foreign trade, crafts developed. In the
early Middle Ages, Samarkand enjoyed an influential position as the chief city of Sughdiyona,
with radical changes in the social and economic life of the city. Wealthy peasant farms
intensified, the northern part of Afrosiab, where their castles were located in the same clefts, was
surrounded by a defensive wall. This situation also occurred in Movarounnahr and neighboring
provinces.
The Arab conquest began in 712[2]. The architecture of the early Islamic markets is influenced,
especially in terms of belt structures-the architecture of the Sassanid period[6]. Market in the
Islamic era * urbanization expanded during the Islamic era, and many cities believed that
vendors went and spread their carpets where they found them and were open space for
businesses that were there until the evening, when markets were formed on these lands over time.
From the second quarter of the 9th century, power in Movarounnahr fell to the Somonians.
Bukhara became their center[2]. During this period, Samarkand developed rapidly economically
and culturally. In afrosiab, palaces decorated with carved ganch patterns, wealthy peasant
households, trading shops, mosques and madrasas, baths and sewers, stone streets are found in
the Times of the somonians.
At the end of the 10th century, when power in Movarounnahr passed into the hands of the
karakhanids, trade, handicrafts, urban landscaping would continue in ham Samarkand. The city's
artisan image gained strength, and the noble peasant castles are now centered outside the city, in
their fieldyards[2].
1220-yilda Chingizxon qoʻshinlari „Juyi arziz“ toʻgʻonini buzib, shaharni suvsiz qoldirdi[2].
Shahar mudofaachilari tengsiz jangda taslim boʻldilar. Bosqinchilar shaharning devor va
darvozalarini vayron qilib saroy, masjid va madrasalarga, aholi xonadonlariga oʻt qoʻydilar.
Aholining katta qismi jangda qirildi, hunarmandlar Moʻgʻulistonga haydab ketildi. Mo‘g‘ullar
davrida shaxarlar xaroba holga keldi. Temuriylar davriga qadar iqtisodiy turg‘unlikni kechirgan
shaxarlarda savdo, hunarmandchilik va boshqa barcha sohalar rivojlanmay qoldi.
The Timurid state was able to truly revive the stagnant people. During this period, Samarkand
became the center of the Earth. Trading caravans coming from all over the world would decorate
stalls of early-late working markets with hilma Hill objects. During the Timurid period, the early
upper Tapic markets of tim, Taq and chorsus began to be built[3]. Due to the climate of the
country, the intensity of heat and cold and other unfavorable weather factors, as we can see today,
the construction of closed markets began to build top-closed markets, which are found in Iranian
architecture to create a suitable trading environment, as well as for the convenience of buyers
and sellers, and, on the other hand, security, control and monitoring The Spanish ambassador
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Clavijo, who visited the Timurid state, also wrote in his diary about the construction of a closed
Commercial Street above[1]. In a word, in the Timurid state, the shahars flourished.
By the time of the khanates, the country began to weaken much more economy, the prestige of
the shahars under the Timurids fell. A number of odd, tim and chorsu buildings that have
survived to us, where trade relations with neighboring countries were established, were built
during the khanates.
Market analysis shows that the main core of most markets was formed in the important quarters
of the city and continued along the main lines. The formation of the market and its way of
developing and organizing spaces depends on its economic and sometimes political activity and
growth. The interaction of market elements always contributes to market dynamics. Elements
such as the main deck, hallway, four-way, Square and front are the market's contact points. Most
of the Eastern markets were formed in the form of a line along the most important city pass, and
adjacent to the most important roads with surrounding hubs, they were considered the main
direction of the market and were placed in the direction of prestigious craft centers.
The development and expansion of the market in the transition areas and directions of linear
market formation led to the emergence of directions. The abundance of routes depended on the
well-being of economic activity. The market is one of the most important places in cities from
the past to the present. Although the shape of the architecture and the relationships in them have
changed, they continue to be considered as one of the most important and influential places in
cities. Therefore, we insist on making and keeping it beautiful. The study of various aspects and
layers of shopping centers and shopping complexes, in addition to recognizing the changes that
have appeared in the market from the past to the present, introduces us to the changes in people's
lifestyles during this time, since people's shopping habits are their way of life. In the past, the
market has different functions and played a special role in the city.
Market position in the central part of the city
Comparing the functioning of traditional and modern markets what has been known to us as a
market for centuries always reminds us of the different roles of this place, including political,
social, religious and economic. Political role: the market has been a place for any information
and information about cities and even Country News, and political discussions have always
continued here. Various professions in most denominations were always active during crises in
the country, and as the market was the main economic pillar of the city, governments felt
compelled to pay attention to the demands of marketers. Social role: the market was a place
where the rules of etiquette, customs, thoughts, news and methods of social behavior were
transmitted and, in some way, social life passed through it in a recognizable way. Religious role:
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the markets were near a religious place such as a mosque or a blessed place such as shrines,
imams and mosques. It was not only for cities and their regular and main markets, but also for
villages and day markets. It represents the Union of two elements of religion and economy in the
markets. Economic role: in fact, the main and important role of markets is the economic role, and
the market was created thanks to this to meet the needs of the people of that society. Today, new
areas such as crossings and shopping complexes have been formed and are expanding as modern
markets. The functions of these types of markets can be defined in two main functions: economic
and leisure. Leisure: to clarify this discussion, we must first define the concept of leisure and its
functions. Leisure is understood as times when there is no work that people have to do, and
usually at these times people engage in more joyful and stimulating activities. Of course, one
should not forget that the concept of leisure itself is a modern phenomenon, and such a concept
was formed and popularized after the Industrial Revolution. The main functions of rest can be
summarized in the following three functions: I. loss of fatigue at work, loss of physical and
psychological damage and rest. II. entertainment, repetition and escape from everyday life and
get into tired fantasies.III. growth, self-fulfillment and creation. One of the main functions of
commercial complexes is a recreational function. It is well harvested from buildings. In the
architecture of new commercial complexes, the construction of places for children to play and
places such as coffee shops and restaurants shows that these places, in addition to meeting the
economic needs of the client, eliminate the fatigue of everyday work that tried to satisfy their
leisure to a certain extent, as well as spend hours of rest with Entertainment and happiness,
which Because before, people often resorted to the market to meet their needs. But today, many
people are buying more than necessary, which can be said to have caused the forgetfulness of
traditional Islamic architecture and the abandonment of Islamic designs by people. Economic
indicators: the most important role of markets is in the past and today. Of course, it should be
noted that markets are formed to meet the needs of people, so they are created according to their
desires as a result, it represents the mindset and attitude of the spirit of society and its members.
Diversity, shopping as a leisure activity, the purchase of all kinds of luxury, luxury and
unnecessary goods and the like have shown a change in the characteristics of people in our
society. There are two general ways to clarify this discussion: 1-components of the market 2. the
relationship between its elements, of course, forms the same market in relation to each other.
Indeed, today it is difficult to find a market as a traditional market with all the characteristics of
this type of market, since the market is not isolated and isolated in any era of the space of society
and in the spirit that governs the Society of its time. So, today we cannot talk about the existence
of a traditional market in a certain geographical area, since all that remains of traditional markets
is not the spirit that governs it and the methods and means of communication in it, but only this
type of architecture. market, which also influenced some modern architectural practices in all
types of repair and repair. On the other hand, what remains of these markets is only its specific
architecture, since the goods sold in this market are any luxury, luxury and unnecessary goods
that are considered a modern phenomenon. Also, some of the shops located in the market have
changed their architectural style to showcases typical of modern markets. The traditional market
includes elements of three categories: 1-economy 2-religious, social, service and culture 3-
Communication and protection. A traditional market with a collection of shops and cells, straight,
square, Sera, timche, mosque, bath and door have all the components of the traditional markets
and are part of the old fabric of the city. The architecture of old markets is usually made of brick,
brick, clay and stone in accordance with the objects of the environment, the building materials
used in the market, which are formed in proportion to the state of the environment. However, the
new commercial complex architecture does not address the issue of environmental adaptation.
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For example, the cooling and heating system of shopping centers is provided by fans and
partitions, and materials such as iron, brick and cement were used to build it. The advantages of
shopping centers, as well as the design, can be considered that they are able to provide a concept
of time and variety in shopping for customers, both of which are modern phenomena. With the
growth and development of cities, traditional cloth was destroyed in many cities. Parts of
traditional markets located in the same tissues were destroyed or modified in nature under the
influence of modern phenomena. 5. Architecture of traditional markets in traditional markets, the
corridor usually has the function of communicating between market directions and architectural
space. The store, caravanserai, tim are also architectural sites of the market. The store is one of
the smallest but most important architectural squares on the market. Therefore, the market has its
own specificity with surrounding cells. Caravanserais were also the most prominent architectural
space in the functional market, as in today's shopping complexes. When the role of caravans in
the market transport system weakened, the word was changed to caravanserai. The placement of
urban caravanserais is temporary, so many of them do not have a camel or stable. Most of the
houses have a central courtyard or central courtyard, with cameras on four sides built on two
areas. Usually basement spaces were used as warehouses and storage areas, and hammock graves
were the place where goods were delivered, and upper graves were used as an office, commercial
function. The four-way or four-way intersection was a two-way market, and this space was very
important economically and socially. Timcha (khonakox) was a small caravanserai, but in
modern times it refers to a small enclosed House comparable to today's crossings. The internal
nature of wood creates conditions for the supply of valuable items such as carpets and fabrics.
Conclusion
. The market is one of the most important urban areas, and studying it as one of the
pillars of our city will help us to become more familiar with this important element. Both in the
past and today, markets reflect the spirit that drives the Society of its time. The market has
always been an important city in every era. Today there is no traditional market in a particular
geographical area. Because what we know as a market is not only the specific style of
architecture and its components, but also the way in which relationships and interactions and
customs are managed by markets.It should be noted that the change in the system of public
values and consumer patterns leads to a change and even the formation of the use of traditional
spaces, and therefore we are seeing the growth of more and more shopping centers and modern
shopping complexes, the important thing is that, markets have gradually lost their traditional
form and are moving away from Islamic architectural beliefs towards the modern world, and our
goal is to solve these problems and provide modern shopping complexes with better solutions for
repairs and to beautify these places and distinguish it from imitation of Western architecture.
List of literature used:
1.
SamDAQU professori A. O‘rolov ,T. Qodirova‘’Arxitekturaviy kampazitsiya tarixi va
usullari’’Toshkent, 35-39-bet
2.
TAQU professori X. Po‘latov “Shaxarsozlik tarixi” Toshkent 2008
3.
Пугаченкова Г.А., Ремпель Л.И. Выдающиеся памятники архитектуры Узбекистана.
– Ташкент, 1958.
4.
A.Eshmuhamatov, Xolmurodov A. “O‘zbekistonning jamoat inshootlari va muqaddas
qadamjolar tarixi” Jizzax shahri - 2019 yil, 24-25-bet
5.
Rajbi Azita bozori morfologiyasi ma'lumotli nashrlar 0330 fakhi Nasser shahar
antropologiyasi tomonidan nashr etilgan 0333
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6.
Vohid qabadiyning Islom me'morchiligi kitobi Ahmadiyan, Rizo" shahar matosidagi
bozor pozitsiyasi"birinchi yil, 22-son Esfandiar,"Eron bozorlari"san'at va odamlar jurnali, 062-
son, 0300 yil Pirniya,
7.
Muhammad Karim,"bozor" arxeologik jurnali, 3-son,0343-yil, dunyo haqida, menoucher
maqtadi, NI tomonidan nashr etilgan.
