INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
SJIF 2019: 5.222 2020: 5.552 2021: 5.637 2022:5.479 2023:6.563 2024: 7,805
eISSN :2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume 12, issue 06 (2025)
334
THE THEORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN IBN MALIK’S ALFIYYA
Avazbek D. Ochilov
Lecturer of Arabic Language
Faculty of Translation Studies
Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
avazbekochilov2001@gmail.com
Umarali M. G’afforov
Lecturer of Arabic Language
Faculty of Translation Studies
Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
gafforov96u@gmail.com
Annotation:
This article analyzes how the theory of verbs is presented in Ibn Malik’s Alfiyya.
The author classifies verbs according to their grammatical function and explains each category in
separate chapters. In particular, the syntactic features of auxiliary verbs like kana and its sisters,
verbs of hope and proximity like kada, mental verbs like zanna, three-object verbs, commendation
and condemnation verbs, and exclamatory verb forms are thoroughly discussed. The didactic and
poetic style of Alfiyya makes it a significant source in Arabic grammar.
Keywords:
Ibn Malik, Alfiyya, verb classification, kana, kada, zanna, commendation verbs,
exclamation, Arabic grammar, syntax.
IBN MOLIKNING “ALFIYYA” ASARIDA FE’LLAR NAZARIYASI VA TASNIFI
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada Ibn Molikning “Alfiyya” asarida fe’llar nazariyasi qanday bayon
etilgani tahlil qilinadi. Muallif fe’llarni grammatik ta’siriga ko‘ra toifalarga ajratib, har bir
guruhni alohida boblarda bayon etgan. Xususan, “kana” va uning o‘xshashlari, “kada” va umid
fe’llari, “zonna” va qalb fe’llari, uch to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar, maqtov-tanqid fe’llari hamda ta’ajjub
fe’l tuzilmalarining sintaktik xususiyatlari keng yoritilgan. Alfiyya asarining didaktik va nazmiy
uslubda bayon qilinishi uni arab grammatikasidagi muhim manba sifatida ajratib turadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Ibn Molik, Alfiyya, fe’l tasnifi, kana, kada, zonna, maqtov fe’llari, ta’ajjub, arab tili
grammatikasi, sintaksis.
ТЕОРИЯ И КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ГЛАГОЛОВ В ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИИ ИБН МАЛИКА
«АЛЬФИЯ»
Аннотация:
В данной статье анализируется, как в произведении Ибн Малика
«Альфия» изложена теория глаголов. Автор классифицирует глаголы по их
грамматическим функциям и подробно освещает каждую группу в отдельных главах. В
частности, рассматриваются синтаксические особенности вспомогательных глаголов, таких
как кана и её аналоги, глаголы надежды и приближения (када), ментальные глаголы (зонна),
глаголы с тремя дополнениями, глаголы похвалы и порицания, а также конструкции
удивления. Дидактический и поэтический стиль Альфии делает её важным источником по
арабской грамматике.
Ключевые слова:
Ибн Малик, Альфия, классификация глаголов, кана, када, зонна,
глаголы похвалы, удивление, арабская грамматика, синтаксис.
INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
SJIF 2019: 5.222 2020: 5.552 2021: 5.637 2022:5.479 2023:6.563 2024: 7,805
eISSN :2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume 12, issue 06 (2025)
335
In his work
Alfiyya
, Ibn Malik condenses the rules of Arabic grammar into 1000 lines and
classifies the verbs he discusses into several categories. In particular, he dedicates separate
chapters to verb types that enter sentences and affect grammatical structure, thoroughly explaining
each. In traditional grammar, such verbs are called “خسان” (
nāsiḫ
)—“transforming” or
“abrogating” verbs (those that alter the syntactic roles of sentence components). The author
divides these into seven chapters, presenting each verb category in a specific order and discussing
them individually:
1.
“اهتاوخأو ناك” (
kāna and its sisters
) – auxiliary verbs that influence both subject and
predicate structure. Ibn Malik begins by covering this set, using fifteen lines to explain the rules
related to
kāna
and similar verbs. According to many scholars, thirteen verbs belong to this group:
kāna, aṣbaḥa, aḍḥā, amsā, ẓalla, bāta, mā zāla, mā barraḥa, mā infakka, mā fataʾa, mā dāma,
laysa,
and
ṣāra
.
These verbs keep the subject in the nominative case but make the predicate accusative. In
Alfiyya
,
Ibn Malik opens the chapter with the line:
“هبصنت ربخلاو امًسا أدتبًلا ناك عفرت” – “
Kāna
raises the subject in the nominative and makes the
predicate accusative.”
The second and third lines list the
kāna
-type verbs; the fourth and fifth lines explain that
dāma
must be used with "mā". The next three lines discuss whether the predicate linked to these
verbs can appear between the subject and the verb; then he covers the requirement for using
mā
as
a negator with these verbs. The following six lines address word order variations in
kāna
sentences and specify
kāna
’s particular rules.
After concluding the
kāna
chapter, he does not immediately move to
kāda
but discusses the
negative particles
mā
and
lā
, which, like
kāna
and its companions, have grammatical influence—
allocating six lines to them and noting their syntactic likeness to
kāna
and its partners.
2.
“ةبراقًلا لاعفأ” (
verbal proximity/approximation
verbs) – auxiliary verbs expressing that an
action is about to occur. After discussing
kāna
verbs and certain negative usages of
laysa
, he
devotes a relatively small section under this name to
kāda
and similar structures. This category
covers not only proximity verbs but also verbs indicating hope and initiation of action. The author
lists them and presents their rules in ten lines:
○
Proximity verbs:
kāda
(“almost was”),
karuba
(“nearly remained”),
’awshaka
(“already
became”);
○
Hope verbs:
‘asa
(“hopefully, perhaps”),
ḥara
,
’akhlawlaqā
;
○
Initiation verbs:
ṭafīqa
,
ja‘ala
,
’akhadha
,
shara‘a
,
’ansha’a
.
Like
kāna
,
kāda
and its class retain the subject in nominative and link the predicate. Ibn Malik
begins the section with: “ربخ نيذهل عٍراضم ريغ … ردن نكل ىسعو داك ناكك” — “
Kāda
and ‘asa are like
kāna
. The predicates they govern are in what will be present or future tense, while the noun
predicate is rare.”
He also notes that
‘asa
often links with
an
before its predicate and that
kāda
inserting
an
before
the predicate is rare. The total count is eleven verbs: three
kāda
–type, three
‘asa
–type, and five
motion/initiation verbs.
INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
SJIF 2019: 5.222 2020: 5.552 2021: 5.637 2022:5.479 2023:6.563 2024: 7,805
eISSN :2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume 12, issue 06 (2025)
336
3.
“اهتاوخأو نظ” (
zanna and its sisters
) – these verbs affect both subject and predicate and
transform them into two complements. In
Alfiyya
, the
zanna
group is semantically classified into
psychological and physical verbs:
○
Psychological:
zanna
(“thought”),
hasiba
,
ra’a
,
‘alima
,
za‘ama
,
wajada
,
khāla
,
‘adda
,
ḥajā
,
darā
,
i‘taqada
.
○
Physical:
ja‘ala
,
ṣayyara
,
wahaba
.
Ibn Malik begins with the line:
“ادجو ،تًلع ،لاخ ،ىأر ينعأ – ىدتبا يأزج بلقلا لعفب بصنا” — “The verb of the heart (psychological
verb) makes its two parts accusative; I refer to
ra’a
,
khāla
,
‘alimtu
,
wajada
, …”
This chapter spans fourteen lines and explains specific syntactic behaviors—like
ta’liq
(dependent clauses),
ilghā’
(“nullification” of grammatical effect), and passive use. He elaborates
on exceptions, for instance: when a negative or interrogative precedes the verb, or when the verb
appears in passive (“zunna”), leading to subject or predicate omission, or introducing an entire
subordinate clause instead of a predicate.
4.
“ىرأو ملعأ” (
a‘lama and ara
) – verbs requiring three objects. After the
zanna
section, Ibn
Malik includes a short five-line chapter on
a‘lama
and
ara
–type verbs. These are intensive forms
derived with hamza (pluperfect pattern), meaning “to inform/show” and typically require three
complements (who, what, how). He opens:
“اًلعأو ىرأ اراص اذإ اددعع اًلعو ىأر ةثلث ىلإ” — “
Ra’a
and
‘alima
, when augmented with hamza to
become
’ara
and
’a‘lima
, count as requiring three complements.”
He lists seven such verbs:
’a‘lima, ’ara, nabba’a, anba’a, akhbara, khabbara, haddatha
.
He then clarifies that the base forms
‘alimtu
can function with two complements, but adding
hamza makes them require three.
5.
“سئبو معن” (
ni‘ma
and
bi’sa
) – verbs expressing praise and condemnation. This category,
following
’a‘lima
and
’ara
, is treated in eleven lines. These verbs form a unique structure in
Arabic, typically with two definite nouns in the nominative; e.g.,
“ni‘ma ar-rajulu Zayd”
(“How
excellent a man Zayd is”). They do not occur in present or future tenses and usually involve the
definite article
al-
. Ibn Malik names this chapter:
“اًهارجم ىرج امو سئبو معن” — “
Ni‘ma
and
bi’sa
, and those with their syntactic pattern”
He also includes forms like
ḥabbaza
and
lā ḥabbaza
, demonstrating their syntactic alignment.
6.
“بجعتلا لاعفأ” (
verbs of exclamation
) – verb patterns used to express astonishment. Ibn
Malik includes this section in
Alfiyya
, although without listing specific verbs. He explicates
particular forms:
ma af‘alahu
and
af‘il bihi
, contrasting their semantic features (e.g.,
af‘il
appears
imperative but conveys information) in a few lines.
References / Bibliography
.1
نودب[ ،ثيدحلا راد :ةرهاقلا .ديًحلا دبع نيدلا ييحم دًحم قيقحت .
كلام نبا ةيفلأ
.ا دبع نب دًحم ،كلام نبا
.ص 160 .]خيرات
INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL FOR
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
SJIF 2019: 5.222 2020: 5.552 2021: 5.637 2022:5.479 2023:6.563 2024: 7,805
eISSN :2394-6334 https://www.ijmrd.in/index.php/imjrd Volume 12, issue 06 (2025)
337
.2
نيدلا ييحم دًحم قيقحت .2-1ـج ،
كلام نبا ةيفلأ ىلع ليقع نبا حرش
.نًحرلا دبع نب ا دبع ،ليقع نبا
.ص 500 :2.ج ،ص 448 :1.ج .1995 ،ركفلا راد :توريب .ديًحلا دبع
.3
:توريب .4-1ـج ،نابصلا ةيشاح عم ،
كلام نبا ةيفلأ ىلع ينومشلا حرش
.ا دبع نب نسح ،ينوًشلا
.ص 400 :4.ج ،ص 376 :3.ج ،ص 384 :2.ج ،ص 392 :1.ج .2000 ،ةيًلعلا بتكلا راد
.4
.2003 ،ةيًلعلا بتكلا راد :توريب .
كلام نبا ةيفلأ ىلع يدوكملا حرش
.دًحم نب دًحم ،يدوكًلا
.ص 416
.5
.1997 ،ليجلا راد :توريب .4-1ـج ،
كلام نبا ةيفلأ ىلإ كلاسملا حضوأ
.فسوي نب ا دبع ،ماشه نبا
.ص 330 :4.ج ،ص 342 :3.ج ،ص 350 :2.ج ،ص 360 :1.ج
.6
.2001 ،ركفلا راد :توريب .2-1ـج ،
عماوجلا عمج حرش يف عماوهلا عمه
.نيدلا للج ،يطويسلا
.ص 500 :2.ج ،ص 512 :1.ج
