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PRODUCTION OF HUMINOUS SIMPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE AND ITS
AGROCHEMICAL EVALUATION
Qudratov Javohir Jahongir o‘g‘li
Chirchik State Pedagogical University
Faculty of Physics and Chemistry
3rd year student of Chemistry Education
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0623-2433
qudratovjahongirovichjavohir@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15356427
Abstract:
The processes of obtaining humic simple superphosphate by
disintegrating ordinary phosphate flour obtained from the Central Kyzylkum
Desert with sulfuric acid in various proportions, adding acidic superphosphate
mass before ammonization, and adding oxidized brown coal were studied.
Agrochemical tests of humic simple superphosphate were conducted. The
addition of oxidized carbon to the acidic superphosphate mass before
ammonization and drying does not lead to a decrease in the content of ordinary
superphosphate, as usually occurs when obtaining ordinary superphosphate by
disintegrating phosphorites with sulfuric acid and drying. However, it leads to a
significant increase in the relative content of Р
2
О
5
in the assimilable composition
of cotton.
Keywords:
phosphorite, sulfuric acid, brown coal, humic acids, simple
superphosphate, hydrogen peroxide.
Introduction
It is known that agricultural crops are grown mainly on irrigated lands,
where mineral fertilizers are widely used, taking into account soil and
agrochemical conditions. However, the long-term use of only mineral fertilizers
has led to a very significant reduction in the natural reserves of humic
substances in the soil. As a result of the reduction in the natural reserves of
humic substances, the biological, agrochemical, hydrophysical and
physicochemical properties of soils have significantly deteriorated [1].
Therefore, it is urgent to use humic substances with a growth-stimulating
effect as an additive to mineral fertilizers in the production of humic substances
and to develop new methods for obtaining humic fertilizers containing various
nutritional and physiologically active substances and applying them in
agriculture.
Mineral fertilizers, including phosphorus fertilizers, ensure high yields and
help feed a large part of the world's population. However, complex soil
processes lead to the immobilization of phosphorus in the soil, which prevents
its timely and sufficient availability for plant uptake. As a result, the low
efficiency of current water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers poses serious
environmental and human health problems [2].
Increasing the efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers can be achieved by
adding organic fertilizers, which improve the mobility of phosphorus in the soil
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solution. During the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, various organic
acids are formed, which bind with many polyvalent cations, such as Ca2+, Fe2+,
Al3+, as a result of which phosphorus is released into the soil solution and is
ultimately absorbed by plants [3].
Research methods
To obtain humic simple superphosphate, products of the Kyzylkum
phosphorite plant, namely simple phosphorite flour, were used. The
composition of phosphate flour (wt%): 17.32 P
2
O
5
; 47.56 CaO; 1.24 Al2O3; 1.05
Fe
2
O
3
; 1.75 MgO; 2.0 F; 16.0 CO
2
; CaO: P
2
O
5
= 2.69. Sulfuric acid with a
concentration of 92% was used to activate the phosphate raw material.
The organic component used was carbon oxidized with hydrogen peroxide.
To obtain oxidized coal, brown coal from the Angren mine was used, which, after
drying in air to a dry state and grinding in a ball mill to a size of 0.25 mm, had
the following composition (wt%): moisture 15.66; ash 14.90; organic 69.44;
humic acids 3.82 and fulvic acids 0.91 per organic mass.
Oxidation of brown coal with hydrogen peroxide was carried out in a
reactor equipped with a motor-driven mixer. First, a 10% solution of H
2
O
2
was
charged into the reactor, then brown coal, previously mixed with a potassium
hydroxide solution, was gradually added. The ratio of the organic part of brown
coal to the anhydrous part of hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide was
1: 0.1: 0.005. The total duration of oxidation was 120 minutes. Water was
supplied through the reactor jacket to maintain the process temperature at 40-
45 ° C. After dosing the last portion of coal, the oxidation process was continued
for 60 minutes. At the end of the process, the reaction mass was brought to a dry
state in air and its ash content, moisture content, organic matter and humic acid
yield were determined. The oxidized coal obtained under optimal conditions has
the following composition (weight %): moisture 48.2; ash 10.35; organic 41.45;
humic acids 53.64 per organic mass.
In the next stage of the humic simple superphosphate production process,
the phosphate raw material is decomposed with sulfuric acid to convert the
indigestible form of P
2
O
5
contained in the raw material into a form digestible for
plants. According to the reaction, the acid standard for the formation of
monocalcium phosphate was taken in an amount of 60, 70% stoichiometry:
Fosfat jinsidagi CaO + 2H
2
SO
4
= Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+ H
2
O
To process 100 g of phosphate flour at a stoichiometry of 100% acid, 77.5 g
of H
2
SO
4
with a concentration of 92% and 54.25 g of H
2
SO
4
with a concentration
of 92% at a rate of 70% are required. The treatment of phosphate raw materials
with sulfuric acid was carried out for 60 minutes. After the interaction of the
phosphate raw materials with sulfuric acid was completed, oxidized carbon was
added to the mixture. It was taken in a weight ratio of phosphorite: coal (the
organic part of the original coal) = 1: (0.1-1). Then the resulting mixture was
stirred for 30 minutes. and neutralized with 25% aqueous ammonia to a pH of 4-
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4.5. Drying was carried out at 80 ° C, and granulation was carried out by the
method of pelletization during ammoniating and drying.
Results
As the amount of oxidized coal increases, the relative content of the
assimilable form of P
2
O
5
increases. For example, with a ratio of phosphorite:coal
= 1:0 and a sulfuric acid level of 60% to form monocalcium phosphate, the
relative content of the assimilable form of P
2
O
5
is 64.18% monocalcium
phosphate, and the relative content of the assimilable form of P
2
O
5
is 72.22%.
Н
3
РО
4
+ NH
3
= NH
4
H
2
PO
4
(1)
Са(Н
2
РО
4
)
2
+ NH
3
= CaHPO
4
+ NH
4
H
2
PO
4
(2)
2СаНРО
4
+ СаSO
4
+ 2NH
3
= Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
↓+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(3)
The data obtained in this work show that the addition of oxidized coal to
the mass of acid superphosphate treated with sulfuric acid at different rates
before ammonification and drying leads to a significant increase in the relative
content of the assimilable form of P
2
O
5
. It is evident that the addition of oxidized
coal and, consequently, humic acids accelerates the reaction to the formation of
monocalcium phosphate and calcium humate, which leads to an increase in the
assimilable forms of P
2
O
5
.
Discussion
The data obtained in this work show that the addition of oxidized coal to
the mass of acid superphosphate treated with sulfuric acid at different rates
before ammonification and drying leads to a significant increase in the relative
content of the assimilable form of P
2
O
5
. It is evident that the addition of oxidized
coal and, as a result, humic acids accelerates the reaction to the formation of
monocalcium phosphate and calcium humate, which leads to an increase in the
assimilable forms of P
2
O
5
.
2R СOOH + Ca(Н
2
РO
4
)
2
= (R COO)
2
Ca + 2H
3
РO
4
(4)
2СаНРО
4
+СаSO
4
+2NH
3
+4RСOOH=Са(Н
2
РО
4
)
2
+(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+2(RCOO)
2
Ca (5)
The increase in assimilable forms of P
2
O
5
indicates the occurrence of the
last two reactions during the ammonization of the acid superphosphate mass of
added oxidized coal.
Conclusions
Also, agrochemical tests of humic simple superphosphate were conducted
on the main growth and development indicators and cotton yield compared to
the control option with the introduction of NPK. Humic simple superphosphate,
due to its slow-acting properties and high efficiency, allowed us to form a yield
that exceeded the control by 21.8%. The advantage of the new humic simple
superphosphate is the presence of humus compounds in them, which increase
the amount of humus in the soil, significantly improve the structure,
physicochemical and agronomic properties of the soil, increase the utilization
rate of the nutrient elements of the applied fertilizers, which subsequently
increases the yield of agricultural crops, and are also additionally mobilized. Due
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to the content of all the nutrients necessary for plants, it is possible to obtain
high and good yields, the nutritional properties of plants and their resistance to
diseases increase.
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