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441
THE AFRICAN CONTINENT IN THE 60S AND 70S OF THE 20TH CENTURY
EMERGENCE
Toshtemirov I.S
.
Deputy head of Department of the Academy of Armed
Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation:
this article examines the reasons and consequences of the end of the 20th century
by a number of developed countries of Europe for improving the colonial structure of European
countries, which have controlled the African continent for centuries, as well as the stages of the
emergence of the African continent on the political map of the world from the 60s and 70s
Keywords:
war, aggression, colonialism, politics, revolution, national liberation, independence.
Like other nations after the Cold War, human populations in Africa and the adjacent islands had
declined dramatically. It is important to note that the territorial units of Africa and the islands
adjacent to it at that time only had a population of about 200 mlln. Only Egypt, Lebirea,
Epheopia and the Union of South Africa, considered the dominion of Britain, were independent,
and the rest of the territories were long colonies of European states such as England, France,
Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. By the capitalist states of the time, he was trying to maintain
colonial rule in Africa through various methods and political games. But, from the second half of
the 20th century, the process of collapse of the colonial system began to increase. The main
reasons for this: the growth of the national consciousness of the peoples of the colonial states, the
main Colonial States-Great Britain and France-were beginning to weaken, the United States and
the former Soviet Union opposed the preservation of colonial empires in pursuit of their political
goals and achieved an increase in the role and prestige of the UN in the international arena.
The colonial system was fragmented as a result of the heavy and protracted struggles of various
manifestations for national liberation in the territorial units of Africa and the adjacent islands. In
North Africa, initially, the national liberation revolution occurred in Egypt in 1952. The Anglo-
French unit's 1956 aggression against Egypt was thwarted. Thereafter, in 1956, Britain was
forced to fully recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Sudan, while France also recognized
the independence of Morocco and Tunisia (1956). The liberating wind, which began in North
Africa, also reached tropical and South Africa. On 6 March 1957, on the British Gold Coast, the
original state achieved its independence, and Togo was annexed, giving rise to a new state,
Ghana. The U.S., out of its negative, began to pressure Britain to grant independence to the
colonies in Africa. The U.S. felt that it was necessary to have a new market and New homashyo
bases, while at the same time giving the mustalakas freedom in the fight against communism.
Because, in the fight against the capitalist system, it was afraid that he would lean on the former
Soviet Union and surpass the prestige of the USSR here. In 1958, under the leadership of Charles
de Gaulle of France, the new constitution of the Fifth Republic was adopted. According to it,
the” French community “was formed and the” French Empire", which included all its colonies,
was reshaped as a federation. However, under Ahmad Seku Ture, Gweniya refused to enter the
"community" and declared its country's independence on 28 September 1958. The fact that
France imposed economic, political sanctions on Guyana did not benefit. It was supported by the
USSR and Ghana. It was from this period that the national liberation struggle broke out in
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French colonialism in Africa. French President Charles de Gaulle stated in December 1959 that
he would not oppose the states (colonies) that were part of the “Communauté” if they would
choose a path of independence from it. The proceedings went even faster than France thought.
Minister of colonial affairs of the British Empire O.H. Morris stated in a January 1960 speech
that “1960 will be the Year of Africa”. American political researcher, diplomat, academic Rolf
Johnson Bonch had also approved of his opinion. The main reason for this was the observation
of the revolutionary situation taking place on the continent of Africa, which came to this
conclusion. The term attracted the attention of the media around the world, and subsequent
events proved that these words were true.
In particular, the 1960 French colonial empire pachaland. Cameroon on 27 April 1960, Togo on
27 April, Madakaskar on 26 June, Dagomea on 1 August (now Benin), Neger on 3 August,
Upper-Volta on 5 August (Burkina Faso from 1984), Ivory Coast on 7 August (now Côte
D'ivoire), Chad on 11 August, Central African Republic of the Congo on 13 August, Congo on
15 August, Gabon on 17 August, 20 August, Mali (Senegal on 22 September former French
western Sudan), and on November 28 Mauritania withdrew from the “community” by declaring
independence.
The 12 colonies and 2 vassal territories (under French rule) of Central and western Africa under
France achieved its independence. In the same year, a crisis broke out in Belgium's largest and
richest colony in Central Africa, winning the national liberation revolution and declaring the
independence of Congo (Zaire) on 30 June 1960. On 1 October 1960, Negeria, one of the major
colonial powers of the British Empire in Central Africa, United on 1 July 1960, the Samoli
(taken from Italy) in British Samoa and Trust Territory to declare the Samoli Democratic
Republic an independent state. On the continent of Africa, the colonial empires of Britain,
France, Belgium were distributed, fragmented the colonial system in African history. Seventeen
new African states have emerged in the world map, and the number of Independent States on the
African continent has grown from 9 to 26. 1960 was sealed in history with the name " Year of
Africa.
The "year of Africa" (1960) is traditionally celebrated throughout the African continent on may
25. At the same time, a new flag was hoisted against the large-scale colonial system at the UN
shitab apartment in New York. In particular, on December 14, 1960, the UN General Assembly
adopted a declaration granting independence to Colonial Countries and peoples. A special UN
commission was formed to oversee the implementation of this declaration. If 20 states achieved
independence in the Asia-Africa region in 1943-1960, 50 states gained independence in 1960-
1975. The number of Independent States on the African continent reached 34.
Colonies on the African continent continued to gain independence one by one. The 1961 British
colony declared its independence under the name East Africa-Tanganika (derived from Germany)
in Sierra Leone and the trusteeship. Burundi, Rwanda declared independence in 1962. Belgium
was separated from its last colonies in Africa, and in the same year Algeria (France), Uganda,
Tridinand and Tobago (Britain) also gained their independence. British colonies 1963 in Kenya
and Zanzibar, 1964 in Malawi, Zambia, 1965 in Gambia, 1966 in Botswana, Lesotho, 1968 in
Swaziland, Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea (Spain), Portuguese colonies 1973 in Guinea-Bissau,
Portuguese “Carnation Revolution”then the new government 1975 in Angola, Mazombic, São
Tomé and Comoros, 1977 in Djibouti (France), Zimbabwe (Britain) in 1980, and in 1990 the
Trust Territory under jar management declared independence under the name of south west
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Arika-Namibia. Thus, the formation of independent states in the African continent, in which the
colonial system disintegrated, came to an end. In the former colonial territories, 52 independent
African states with different systems of government emerged.
Literature used.
1. The modern history of Asian and African countries in the twentieth century. Edited by
A.M.Rodriguez., in 3-part, part-3 (1945-2000). Moscow: 2004.
2. The history of international relations. Edited by Torkunov A.V. Volume III. Moscow, 2012.
3. The History of the East: In 6 volumes: The East in the modern period (1945-2000), chief
editors: R.B.Rybakov, V.Ya. Belokrenitsky and others. Volume 6. Moscow, 2008.
