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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE DURING THE
PERIOD OF ABULFAYZKHAN
Olim Buronov
Associate Professor of the University of Information Technologies and Management
Makhkamova Sevinch Toshpolat
kizi
2nd-Year Student of the University of Information Technologies and Management
Annotation:
In this article, the Bukhara Khanate did not have a regular army during the reign of
Abulfayz Khan, who belonged to the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. Abulfayz Khan was not able to
manage the khanate and was a puppet in the hands of the officials. For this reason, Abulfayzkhan
was also called "Khokirchak Khan". Abulfayzkhan's supporters did not go outside the palace to
follow the decrees. Abulfayzkhan indulged in luxury and did not pay attention to managing the
khanate, the people suffered from this. Abulfaizho's official Rajab Sultan and his supporter
Ibrahimbey organized many conspiracies and rebellions against the khanate. Abulfayz Khan and
his army were left defenseless in front of the rebel forces, and due to the riots that continued
unceasingly, due to the incessant rain at that time, Samarkand and Miyanqul, which were in a
condition unsuitable for farming, went out with the goal of capturing the Khanate of Bukhara.
will destroy several cities.In the article, the processes were widely covered on the basis of
reliable sources and literature.
Keywords:
Khanate of Bukhara, Shahrisabz, Bahavuddin mausoleum, Abulfayzkhan, Rajab
Sultan, Ibrahimbey, Muhammad Rahimbey and Nadirshah, Ashtarkhanids, Kazakhs,
geographers, Mangits.
Introduction.We can say that at a certain stage of historical development, the coming to power of
various forces as a result of objective and subjective conditions, in turn, led to sharp changes in
the life of society. In the Bukhara state, the transfer of power from the Ashtar Khan dynasty to
the hands of a representative of the Mangids also occurred under the influence of a number of
certain factors. Bukhara statehood occurred in history, and various approaches have been put
forward to studying its essence
.
We can say that during the reign of Abulfayz Khan, one of the representatives of the Ashtar
Khan dynasty (1711-1747), the state was subject to arbitrary control by tribes and clans, and in
some regions, the struggle for power among themselves led to the decline of Bukhara
. Abulfayz
Khan became a puppet in the hands of emirs and nobles, whose influence in the life of the
country was growing day by day. He was also called the "Puppet Khan". Abulfayz's decrees did
not go beyond the palace threshold. The reason for the decline of the Khan's power to this level
was also the lack of a regular army of the Khanate. Both external and internal factors led to the
decline of Bukhara
.
1
A. Sagdullayev- ,,History of Uzbekistan’’II ,Tashkent-2020.-B172.
2
B.Eshov - ,,History of Uzbekistan’’, Tashkent-2020. -B233
3
A. Erko’ziyev-,,History of the Bukhara Khanate’’, Namangan-2018-B8.
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During the reign of Abulfayz Khan, the Khanate suffered from internal conflicts and infighting.
At the same time, external threats, in particular, attacks by Kazakh Dzungars and internal
rebellions, seriously damaged the state's economy. The lack of political stability led to a decline
in trade and crafts, which negatively affected the standard of living of the population. During the
reign of Abulfayz Khan, the population of the Bukhara Khanate was mainly engaged in
agriculture, animal husbandry, and crafts. The social system was feudal in nature, with the
population divided into landowners, peasants, artisans, and merchants. The feudal landowners,
including the khan and his relatives, enjoyed a high status
.
Peasants were mainly engaged in agriculture, which suffered from a heavy tax burden. The
centers of crafts and trade were Bukhara, Samarkand, Karshi, Shahrisabz and other cities, where
silk, cloth, pottery, and metalworking were developed. Especially since Bukhara was located at
the crossroads of international trade routes, the city's markets and caravanserais played an
important role in trade with the countries of Central Asia and the Middle East. Abulfayzkhan
tried to take measures to stabilize the economy in the khanate. The tax system was complex, and
state revenues consisted mainly of land taxes, trade duties, and other taxes collected from the
population. However, the burden of taxes often worsened the economic situation of peasants and
artisans
.
The irrigation system was a key component of agriculture. Using the Amu Darya, Zarafshan and
other water sources, new canals were dug and old irrigation systems were repaired. However,
due to internal conflicts and weak governance, irrigation systems were not sufficiently developed.
During the reign of Abulfayz Khan, the khanate suffered from internal conflicts and internecine
strife. At the same time, external threats, in particular, attacks by Kazakh Dzungars and internal
rebellions, seriously damaged the state economy. The lack of political stability led to a decline in
trade and crafts, which negatively affected the standard of living of the population.
Research materials and methodology. The reason for this state of affairs and decline in the life of
the people. The people suffered because Abulfayzkhan did not have the ability to govern the
state. In particular, during the time of Abulfayzkhan, Muhammad Hakimbiy, who came from the
Mangit tribe of the Uzbeks, gained great influence. All the princes recognized him as the head of
the Ataliks. This caused severe discontent among the nobles of other tribes. As a result, the ruler
of Shahrisabz, Ibrahimbey, who came from the Kenagas tribe, decided to form a state with
Samarkand as its capital, independent of the Bukhara Khanate. Ibrahimbey's next goal was to
seize the throne of Bukhara, install Rajab Sultan on the throne of Bukhara, and thus become an
influential person in the khanate. The emirs, dissatisfied with Abulfayz Khan's policies, joined
Ibrahimbey. The representative of the Ashtar Khan dynasty, Abulfayz Khan, ruled the state, its
strength and independence, the escalation of internal and foreign policies, the resolution of
conflicts, the country became helpless in the face of external threats from the Iranian Shah. Thus,
the objective reasons for such a dangerous situation in the country, in our opinion, were the lack
of attention of the khan's government to the Kazakh scholars who fled from the territory of non-
Muslim geographies. These scholars, who did not have great authority among Muslims,
wandered for 7 years, and eventually the population lost its authority over the khan.
4
J.MShodiev- ,,Development of the statehood of the Bukhara Emirate’’ Tashkent-2010-B18.
5
B.Eshov - ,,History of Uzbekistan’’, Tashkent-2020. -B233.
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The Khanate had economic and military resources, which were among the main territorial
centers of the Khanate. Rajab Sultan, one of the main rivals of the Samarkand Khan, took control.
The Khan's administration system was not able to control the Khan's throne, and as a result of the
Khan's direct permission, Ubaydullo and his supporters held feasts at the mausoleum of Khoja
Bohovuddin, which caused strong public discontent. (1712-1722) The seizure of Samarkand by
Rajab Sultan not only caused the discontent of Bukhara, but also weakened the entire country,
and the country fell into rebellion. Rajab Sultan had one of his supporters, the governor of
Shahrisabz, Ibrahimbey. Ibrahimbey began to march on Bukhara and promised great wealth and
practical benefits to those who joined Rajab Sultan after the victory. Although the Bukhara
troops were defeated in the battle, Rajab Sultan could not capture Bukhara
.
Discussion. Ibrahimbey and Rajab Sultan, in order to achieve their goals without losing their
lives, asked for help from the Kazakhs, promising them great spoils. Having suffered great losses
from the invasion of the Dzungarian nomads and suffering from famine, the Kazakhs agreed to
this offer. When they entered the country, the Kazakhs began to plunder and could not find a
force capable of capturing either Samarkand or Bukhara. However, Abulfayz Khan, after
consulting with his relatives, decided to expel Rajab Sultan from Bukhara. He appointed
Hakimbey as the governor of Karshi, but did not give up his goal of capturing Bukhara as soon
as he found a favorable opportunity. He caused a number of conflicts, riots and intrigues, did not
serve his country and khan faithfully. Without applying fair punishment to Rajab Sultan,
Abulfayz Khan appointed him to the position of devan-beg.
As a result of the continuous rains in the country, the lands were unsuitable for farming, and he
was forced to leave the Samarkand and Miyankul regions. Abulfayz Khan, on the other hand,
spent his time on pleasures and practically did not control state affairs. He took over the Bukhara
Khanate of the Iranian Shah Nadir Shah and radically changed the state power in the khanate.
Nadir Shah was very close to Muhammad Rakhim Khan, and in order to gain the khanate, Nadir
Shah felt that he had suppressed many rebellions and had the ability to rule the throne, and
helped him as if he were his own son. Nadir Shah gives Rakhim Khan an increase in his military
force from 6,000 to 18,000. Nadir Shah has greatly improved the Khanate. Nadir Shah addresses
the Khan in writing. He criticizes the rule of Abulfayz Khan, regulates the foreign and domestic
policies of the government, and orders the removal of Abulfayz Khan from his post and the
installation of his son Abdulmu'min on the throne.
He rejects Nadir Shah's order. Although this agreement brought about a certain stability among
the scholars, in practice disagreements between religious movements continued. However, it
should be noted in some sources that the Ashtar Khan dynasty was in crisis and that
representatives of the Mangid dynasty came to power and took over. Samarkand, Karshi, Balkh,
Fergana, and Badakhshan became practically independent.
Conclusion. In conclusion, we can say that the era of Abulfayz Khan was one of the most
difficult periods in the history of the economic and social life of the Bukhara Khanate. Although
Abulfayz Khan tried to strengthen governance and carry out economic reforms, internal conflicts
and external pressures limited the success of these attempts. Although social life in the Khanate
was largely subordinated to the requirements of the feudal system, agriculture and crafts, which
were the main branches of the national economy, formed the basis of people's life. This period
6
Sh. Vohidov - ,, Bukhara Khanate or Bukhara Emirate’’, Tashkent-1996- B342.
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403
played an important role in the subsequent history of the Khanate, and its complexities are
studied as a historical lesson.
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B.Eshov - ,,History of Uzbekistan’’, Tashkent-2020. B/233
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J.MShodiev- ,,Development of the statehood of the Bukhara Emirate’’ Tashkent-2010.
B/18
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Q.Usmonov – ,,History of Uzbekistan’’, Tashkent-2006. B/233
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