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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT TYPES OF DECORATIVE ART OF FOLK
CRAFTS
Tolkinova Khalida Tolkunovna
TSPU named after Nizami Associate Professor
Аннотатсия:
В статье использованы узоры, имеющие в каждом виде народного
творчества свою уникальную структуру, внешний вид и содержание. Идея заключается в
том, что каждый, кто начинает изучать живопись, вышивку, ювелирное дело, резьбу по
ганчу, резьбу по дереву и другие виды искусства, должен научиться рисовать элементы
узора.
Annotation:
The article uses patterns that have their own unique structure, appearance and
content in each type of folk art. The idea is that everyone who begins to study painting,
embroidery, jewelry, ganch carving, wood carving and other types of art should learn to draw
elements of a pattern.
Ключевые слова:
ремесленник, декоративные элементы, лист, гранат, гаримдори,
копирование, красочный, искусство, мышление, интерес, творчество, способность.
Keywords:
craftsman, decorative elements, leaf, pomegranate, garimdori, copying, colorful, art,
thinking, interest, creativity, ability.
Folk crafts are one of the most ancient and significant types of our material culture and are
closely intertwined with many areas of fine and applied art. However, the specifics, methods and
features of fine and applied art, the process of artistic processing of objects, folk crafts differ
from each other. The educational and educational opportunities of the centers of folk crafts of
our republic, such as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Nukus, Khiva, Termez, Urgench,
Namangan, Andijan, Fergana, Chust, Shakhrisabz and others, are incomparable and stand out
from each other for their uniqueness. Craft is a creative labor activity that requires special
training and is a source of livelihood. An artisan is a person who has mastered a craft. An artisan
is a master engaged in a craft. The main characteristics of skill are the performance of a task
using simple tools and the individuality of production. Crafts have long been a kind of mirror of
Muslim society, reflecting the division of labor between men and women. Men were often
engaged in the production of goods intended for sale on the market, and women - in the
production of goods for family needs. Pottery, pottery, jewelry, textile production, sewing
clothes in tailoring workshops, jewelry, painting, wood carving and plaster carving were
considered exclusively male occupations. Women were engaged in embroidery, carpet weaving
and felt felting. They also wove cheap cotton fabrics, made pottery, ganch toys and dishes. By
the 20th century, this traditional way of life had changed dramatically. Women in the cities
completely stopped engaging in traditional crafts, and only women in remote villages retained
their traditional professions. After the collapse of the Soviet state, the attitude towards traditional
crafts changed dramatically. Women, out of necessity, began to actively engage in handicraft
Volume 15 Issue 03, March 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
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626
production. Because the collapse of the economy during the Soviet era forced everyone to look
for new work. In times of economic instability, traditional crafts became an acceptable way out
of the recession. Thus, an unexpected change occurred - women artisans captured the market.
Folk crafts include painting, carpentry, jewelry, wood carving, metal carving, embroidery,
weaving, carpet weaving, textile weaving, cooking, wood burning, pottery, carpentry, tailoring,
hairdressing, blacksmithing, knife making, tool making, metalworking, coppersmithing,
handicrafts and are distinguished by many features of work and professional education -
practicality, creativity, nationality, ease of finding and repairing local raw materials, the
uniqueness of the work of boys and girls, the absence of the need for complex devices,
equipment, tools and machines, ease of organizing classes. In this regard, given the
competitiveness of the labor market, it is especially important that young people who have
studied this area sufficiently and mastered certain professions do not remain unemployed. Today,
handicrafts can be divided into three groups: those intended for everyday use (mainly in rural
areas), those intended for sale, and those intended for participation in exhibitions.
Each form of folk art uses patterns that have their own unique structure, appearance and meaning.
Anyone who begins to study painting, embroidery, jewelry, ganache carving, wood carving, etc.,
must learn to draw pattern elements. These elements represent the alphabet of pattern creation.
Usually, when drawing artistic patterns, images of leaves are more often used. In this case, the
leaf is depicted in delicate, graceful forms, as it is an element of Islamic design.
A leaf
is a plant element of a pattern, a stylized image of a natural plant leaf by artists. A leaf is
an additional and decorative element in a pattern composition. According to its structure, it is
divided into simple and complex. Simple leaves include three leaves, almond leaves, willow
leaves, etc. Complex leaves include multi-leaf, whorled leaves, etc. There are the following types
of leaves:
Shobarg
(royal leaf) - one of the elements of Islamic ornament, the largest of the leaves. Artists
depicted the dandelion as a symbol of spring awakening.
A double leaf
is a plant element consisting of two leaves.
Polyfoil
— is a plant element of a pattern consisting of several leaves.
Four-leaf clover
is a plant element consisting of four leaves.
Palm leaf
is a generalized image of a palm leaf by artists. In addition to leaves, the following
elements of Islamic ornament are widely used in painting:
Flowers
are stylized images of flowers in nature, and after decorative finishing, the drawings
become even more beautiful and elegant. Floral elements are mainly placed in the central parts
of the pattern figures. There are different types of flowers, each of which has its own unique
name. Flowers are also divided by structure into simple and complex. Complex flowers include
pistachios, multi-petal flowers, etc., and simple flowers include irises, tulips, daisies, and others.
Since flowers have different structures, they have their own unique names.
Daisy
is a pattern element in the form of a daisy with several petals. Depending on the position
of the petal, it is called a three-petal daisy, a five-petal daisy, etc. It is a component of the
composition of the plant pattern and is widely used. Artists use aigul as a symbol of happiness
and good luck.
Rosebud
is an Islamic design element that originates from the rose flower.
Zirk flower
— a flower with very beautiful petals, which is often found in Central Asian
patterns. Our artists have long used it as a symbol of peace and longevity.
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The tulip
is an Islamic motif that craftsmen often use in their patterned compositions.
The pomegranate flower
is an Islamic decorative element that represents a pomegranate. In the
Fergana school of naqshlak Anorgul is depicted in two ways: natural, that is, as it is in nature, or
stylized. Patterns depicting garnets often also show their interior. The Anorgul pattern is widely
used in pottery, coppersmithing, and embroidery.
In addition to leaves and flowers, the following design elements are also present:
Almond
is a type of Islamic pattern stylized as a natural form. It is widely used in jewelry,
painting, making skullcaps, embroidery, wood carving, jewelry and other types of folk arts and
crafts. In ancient times, our ancestors traditionally used this type of pattern as a symbol of
happiness and good fortune.
Garnet
is a flower element. It is widely used in painting, pottery, coppersmithing, carpet
weaving, embroidery, jewelry and other fields. Since the garnet element has been used since
ancient times, it has been used as a symbol of weaving and abundance.
The curl
is an element of Islamic design used to fill empty spaces in a patterned composition.
This element of the design has been used since ancient times. Curly hair is a symbol of fertility,
wealth and the ever-renewing Mother Nature.
Pepper
is a plant element of the design, depicted in various forms.
Skufta
— a plant-like pattern element that serves to connect branches and fill surfaces. The
cabinet's design varies: in one place it is small and simple, while in another place cabinets are
attached to it on both sides, forming a mezzanine or similar element. The cabinet connects the
main form-forming elements in a blossoming, expanding manner. Knots and fringes are elements
of the pattern that resemble plants that intertwine with each other . and their general appearance
resembles a figure eight.
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