Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
88
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
88-90
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
29 January 2025
ACCEPTED
28 February 2025
PUBLISHED
31 March 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Urbanization Processes in
Jizzak Oasis (16th - 19th
Century) Centuries)
Pardaev Ahror Hasanovich
Associate professor, Jizzakh state pedagogical university, Uzbekistan
Makhmudjonova Oydina
Student, Jizzakh state pedagogical university, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article discusses Jizzakh in the 16th-19th
centuries. The reasons for the migration of the
population to and from the administrative center of the
oasis, Orda, and its surroundings, and the urbanization
processes in the oasis as a result of the formation of new
neighborhoods, are described based on written and
field research.
Keywords:
Jizzakh, urbanization processes, Jizzakh
principality,
demographic
growth,
Zargarlik,
Sovungarlik, Uratepalik, Mulkanlik, Tashkentlik.
Introduction:
At the end of the 15th century and the
beginning of the 16th century, taking advantage of the
weakening of the Timurid state, the Dashti-Kipchak
pastoral tribes led by Shaybani Khan occupied the oases
of Maveraunnahr and settled in oases that were
convenient for their rule. In particular, the Mangits
settled in the city of Karshi and its surroundings, the
Barlos and Kenagas settled in the city of Shakhrisabz and
its surroundings, and the Huns and Qorqs settled in
Oratepa and Jizzakh. [8, P.342] As a result, a sharp
"demographic leap" occurred in these cultural oases,
which led to the expansion of the territory of existing
cities, changes in their internal systems, and the
construction of new settlements.
According to archaeological sources, life in Kaliyatepe,
the oldest and largest urban monument of the Jizzakh
oasis, ceased at the end of the 16th and beginning of the
17th centuries. In general, after the Shaybanids came to
power, urban life in Jizzakh moved to Horde, 6 km
northwest of Kaliyatepe. During this period, a military
fortress - a fortress - functioned in Kaliyatepe.
The Horde protected the Jizzakh oasis from the west,
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
northwest, north, and northeast. The military forces
that entered the oasis from these directions
encountered resistance from the Horde. At a certain
period in the late Middle Ages, the defenders of
Kaliyatepe resisted invaders from the south and east.
Thus, the creation of the Horde was carefully thought
out in all respects, and it was built in the most
necessary and necessary place in terms of protecting
the oasis. [5. P.134-137]
By studying Orda and its surrounding areas,
determining the borders of scattered pieces of pottery
related to Orda's material culture, collecting
ethnographic data, opinions expressed by informants
and
interlocutors
and
comparing
them
to
topographical plans, comparative studies made
important clarifications on the general area, borders,
and historical topography of Jizzakh Tuproqkurgani
(Orda) during the Khanate period. From our research,
it became known that the Horde plan is 1x5000 cm.
drawn to scale (ie 1 cm
. at 50 м.
). According to the
topographic plan, Orda has a rectangular shape. The
size of its elongated sides in the north-south direction
1100 м. x 900 м. equal to. The square
-shaped arch is
located in the center of the city. Its sides are 300 м. x
200 м. equal to. Based on these figures, it can be said
that the total area of the Horde was almost 100 га. and
the arch 6 гаwas
.
The location of the moats filled with water is marked
on the outer side of the defensive walls. There was a
suspension bridge in front of each of the three gates to
enter the city. According to Ahmad Donish, who wrote
the history of the Mangid dynasty, in order to prevent
the Russians from breaking through the gates of the
Jizzakh Horde, earth was piled up on the inside of the
gates by carts. According to the author, after a long
attack and struggle, when the Russian soldiers entered
the Horde from the Uratepa gate, all the defenders'
exit routes were blocked and they were unable to open
the Tashkent and Samarkand gates. As a result, many
Jizzakh defenders 10 мthrew themselves over the
walls, which were. high. [2. P.142]
The population of the Horde was extremely densely
populated. We can also learn this from the information
of our informants and the topographic plan. The
neighborhoods began almost behind the defensive
walls, there were almost no open spaces in these
areas. The streets were extremely narrow,
interconnected, and all of these streets led to the
square of the Horde khokim's arch. Only around the
arch was there a certain amount of open space.
As A.P. Fedchenko, who visited Jizzakh in 1868, wrote,
"Jizzakh is a small city, with five thousand inhabitants."
[7, pp. 48, 63]
The famous researcher A.P. Fedchenko provided
information about the population that lived in the
Horde even after its capture. However, if we take into
account the residents of the mahallas located outside
the Horde, specializing in certain professions such as
jewelry, coppersmithing, blacksmithing, pottery,
soapmaking, tanning, butchering, and the residents of
the mahallas of Uratepa, Mulkan, Tashkent, Khavos,
Akkurgan, etc., who lived in the summer in the field
courtyards and in the Horde in the winter, then in the
first half of the 19th century the population of the Horde
was several times higher than the number indicated by
the famous geographer and traveler A.P. Fedchenko. [4,
pp. 55-56]
The number of people living in the Jizzakh principality
during the periods under study can only be estimated by
comparison. For example, in the 40s of the 19th century,
1,000 cavalrymen were recruited for the army of the
Bukhara emir from the city of Samarkand and its
surrounding villages, whose population was estimated
at 100,000. In this sense, 500 cavalrymen were recruited
from Jizzakh. [2. P. 490] If cavalrymen were recruited as
1 in 10 of the total population, then the population of
the Jizzakh principality during this period was no less
than 50,000 people.
Like other cultural oases of Central Asia, in Jizzakh,
depending on the lifestyle and economy, urban and
rural life, the population specialized in sedentary
agriculture, handicrafts, semi-sedentary and nomadic
cattle breeding. It should be emphasized that there was
no strict distinction between the urban population,
which was mainly engaged in handicrafts, and the
population engaged in farming in the villages around the
city. The population of these villages had the status of
urban residents. This is because the rural population
engaged in farming also had their own neighborhoods
in the Jizzakh Horde, and they mainly lived in their
neighborhoods in the city during the winter. The main
reason why the farmers did not live in their villages
regularly and permanently was the frequent military
operations and invasions carried out by the Kokand
khans and the governors of Uratepa.
By the way,
during the period under study, Jizzakh and Uratepa
literally turned into a large battlefield. Because if the
Kokand khans had captured Jizzakh, they would have
had the opportunity to make raids on the relatively rich
Samarkand and the surrounding villages. The Bukhara
rulers, who had subdued the Urartu, could have
threatened Khujand and from there Kokand. Such
reasons led to the formation of a strong and powerful
defense system for the Horde fortress, the
administrative center of the Jizzakh principality.
The urbanization processes that took place in the Jizzakh
oasis in the 18th-19th centuries were mainly due to
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
demographic growth. Such demographic growth was
often forced, and the reason for it was political
disagreements and military clashes between the
Bukhara Emirate and the Kokand Khanate. In the
second half of the 18th century, the troops of the
Kokand Khanate and the Khokim of Khujand repeatedly
organized raids on the Uratepa, Zomin, and Yom Kala
fortresses and their surrounding settlements. The
population, tired of such raids, moved to Jizzakh and
settled in the Horde and its surroundings. Thus, the
Almachi, Tokchilik, and Rawatlik neighborhoods were
founded. [6, P. 16]
In the 70s and 80s of the 18th century, during the reign
of Amir Daniyol and Amir Shahmurod, a policy of
resettling people from neighboring regions was
implemented in the central and border cities, whose
population had decreased. [1, P. 335] As in Samarkand,
in Jizzakh during this period, new neighborhoods were
created at the expense of residents of neighboring
districts. Such neighborhoods as Akkurgan, Oratepa,
Tashkent, Khairabad, Khavos, and Galcha were formed
as a result of the policy of resettling people from
neighboring regions to Jizzakh.
Thus, the following can be concluded about the Jizzakh
Horde.
•
City life in Jizzakh oasis moved from Qaliyatepa
to Orda during the time of Amir Temur and Timurids.
•
The period of the Jizzakh Horde's activity as a
city was marked by the 5th-6th centuries AD, and the
city became an important military fortress-mound with
strong defensive fortifications from the 16th century,
during the time of the Shaybanids.
•
During the Ashtarkhanid period, life in Jizzakh
(Horde) was somewhat degraded. This was caused by
the arrival of Kazakhs who fled from the Kalmyks, and
as a result of Nadirshah's invasion, the population
dispersed in different directions, just like in
Samarkand.
•
In the second half of the 18th century, during
the reign of the Mangid dynasty rulers Amir Daniyol
(1758-1785) and especially Amir Shohmurod (1785-
1800), people were moved to Jizzakh from various
places, new neighborhoods were founded, and the
population's prestige increased.
•
Starting from the 18th century, the Horde's
position and status increased. Now the Horde
functioned not only as a military headquarters, but also
as an administrative center, a winter residence for
civilians, a center of trade, crafts, and culture.
•
From the 18th century to the 1960s, Jizzakh
was characterized as a region that became a major
battlefield, particularly between the Horde Emirate of
Bukhara and the Kokand Khanate, and partly the
Uratepa Bek.
•
Agriculture and animal husbandry develop in
the areas around Orda. Horde served as an
administrative and cultural center for farmers and
herdsmen.
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