Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
72
9
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
72-75
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
31 May 2025
ACCEPTED
29 June 2025
PUBLISHED
31 July 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue07 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Stratagems That
Transform Reality in The
Strategy of Development
Urinboyev Davlatjon Baxtiyorovich
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor
at Kokand State University, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The article provides information about the
necessity of developing a strategy of development in
the Republic of Uzbekistan and its significance for
human society. It highlights the importance of
considering historical processes of ancient and recent
times in determining strategic goals in the modern era
and explains the role of development strategies in the
progress of society.
Keywords:
Development strategy, stratagem, theory of
stratagems, strategy, political and social system.
INTRODUCTION:
In today’s era of globalization,
differentiation and stratification within human society
are deepening, while socio-political conflicts are
intensifying both within states and in the international
arena. Political and social systems are undergoing
change before our eyes, with the uncertainty, disorder,
and instability of social development constantly
increasing. The search for new criteria of social life, on
a global scale, reveals a sharp clash between universal
human principles of life and the national, religious,
social, and technological interests of different groups.
In
such
conditions,
the
development
and
implementation of strategic documents become a
natural necessity for understanding correctly the
purposes and ultimate outcomes of reforms and
innovations being carried out in various spheres of life,
which play a crucial role in the fate of peoples and
states.
Concepts developed in previous centuries do not allow
us to fully comprehend the role and significance of
these phenomena, their internal structure, and their
mechanisms of functioning, nor do they enable us to
identify the specific features of their transformation in
the modern stage. A development strategy, however,
expresses the long-
term prospects of a state’s progress,
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
the ultimate goals of society, and a comprehensive
model of the desired future. The more clearly a people
can envision their set goals and the future image of the
state to be built, the more resolute and purposeful their
actions become, fostering conscious activity and
increasing social mobilization. Most importantly,
strategy expresses the purpose of development, unites
people in this cause, and mobilizes them for practical
action.
A human society possessing sufficient knowledge about
the periodicity of development processes and the
experiences of historical events both ancient and
recent approaches the present day with a new outlook,
comprehending the new agenda for national reform
and the renewed content of political and social
ideology.
METHODOLOGY
An analysis of the literature on the subject allows us to
classify them into three groups:
The first group includes rare works on historical-
political thought, state governance, and the essence of
reforms in society: Nizam al-Mulk. Siyosatnoma (Siyar
al-Muluk) (Second revised and expanded edition
–
Tashkent: Yangi Asr Avlodi, 2008, 239 p.); Temur
Tuzuklari (Gʻafur Gʻulom
Publishing House, Tashkent,
1991). These works place special emphasis on just
governance and strategic principles.
The second group consists of Western sources where
the theoretical foundations of modern stratagems
were introduced: Plato. Politics. Trans. and
commentary by R. Svetlov. St. Petersburg: Platonic
Philosophical Society, 2019, 212 p.; Machiavelli. The
Prince. Trans. from Italian, ed. by A. K. Djivelegov and
N. S. Kurochkina. Akademicheskiy, 2018, 495 p.; Harro
von Senger. Stratagems. On the Chinese Art of Living
and Survival: The Famous 36 Stratagems over Three
Millennia. Moscow: Progress, Kultura, 1995; Zenger, H.
von. Stratagems. On the Chinese Art of Living and
Survival, Vols. 1
–
2. Moscow: Eksmo, 2004; Kaihan
Krippendorff. The Art of the Advantage: 36 Stratagems
in the Age of Competition. St. Petersburg, 2005; Harro
von Senger. Complete Collection of the 36 Famous
Chinese Stratagems in One Volume. Moscow: Eksmo,
2018, 1040 p.
The third group comprises studies dedicated
specifically to the theme of stratagems in Uzbekistan
during the years of independence: Qodirov, D. The 36
Chinese Stratagems: Secrets of Military Tricks and
Economic Success. Bukhara: BuxDU, 2016; Alimasov, V.
Stratagem
–
The Science of Thinking and Overcoming //
“Philosophy or the Art of Thinking.” Tashkent: Noshir
Publishing House, 2008. These studies reveal the
modern interpretation of the history and theory of
stratagems.
RESULTS
During the years of independence, Uzbekistan has
embarked on fundamental reforms and changes to
build a new society. Studying the Strategy for the Socio-
Economic Development of Uzbekistan and its
connection with the country’s priorities for progress
has become one of the urgent tasks for understanding
its general laws and specific characteristics.
One of the important sources for developing strategies
of progress and implementing reforms is the work
Siyosatnama or Siyar al-Muluk (The Book of
Government or The Lives of Kings), written in 1091 by
Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali al-Tusi, known as Nizam al-Mulk
(1018
–
1092), the wise vizier of the Seljuks, who left an
indelible mark on Eastern history and world political
thought.
As a political program of the Seljuks, the main strategies
of this work call for strengthening central authority;
encouraging kings and rulers toward justice, fairness,
reconciliation, and compassion; ensuring rational
governance with strict rules and order; appointing
officials who are conscientious, honest, and faithful;
and striving for the prosperity, well-being, peace, and
unity of the country [1].
One of the notable strategies in this work is that the
central government must be extremely strong; only
then will peace and justice prevail in the state, the
people will achieve their goals, and society will live in
harmony, fairness, and compassion. The core
stratagem here is: “If a centralized state does not have
a unified strategy, supporters of different strategies
and ideas will struggle for power, which may lead to
much bloodshed and oppression.” [1]
The historical-political treatise Temur Tuzuklari (The
Institutes of Temur) is also one of the important sources
for developing modern strategies. This work is a
valuable source on the history of the 14th
–
15th
centuries, narrating Amir Temur’s liberation of
Mawarannahr from the Mongols, his rise to power, the
establishment of an independent and centralized state,
and the activities carried out by the Sahibqiran.
In Temur Tuzuklari, particular attention is paid to the
necessity of citizens’ unconditional obedience to Sharia
and laws. During the reign of Amir Temur, strict
supervision was exercised in every province to ensure
that judges fully adhered to laws, peace and stability
prevailed, and lawbreakers were punished. In addition
to these issues, Temur Tuzuklari provides detailed
information on maintaining soldiers and warriors,
supplying them with food and salaries, the duties of
viziers, the procedures for rewarding emirs, soldiers,
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and others, their mutual interactions, as well as other
socio-political and military matters [2]. The ideas
expressed in this work have not lost their significance
even today and are still used in improving the structure
of our state and society.
In Western countries, too, scholarly sources have been
created to analyze the theoretical foundations of
modern stratagem theory. The treatise Strategematon
by the ancient Roman statesman Sextus Julius
Frontinus (30
–
103 CE), as well as works devoted to
socio-political issues by the ancient Greek philosopher
Plato (427
–
347 BCE, Athens)
—
such as The Republic,
The Laws, Critias, and Politics, along with political
treatises written by his student
—
are considered
important sources for today’s theory of stratagems [3].
In particular, in his works, Plato discusses the state and
methods of governance, classifying forms of
government into oligarchy, democracy, tyranny, and
theocracy. Plato was a supporter of the aristocratic
state, presenting utopian and idealistic views about the
perfect state. Among his most important stratagems in
this regard are: “The state should be governed by wise,
i
ndustrious, intelligent, and capable individuals” and
“The essential feature of the perfect state is adherence
to the laws of justice.” [4]
The main work of the Italian political thinker Niccolò
Machiavelli (1469
–
1527), The Prince, published in
1513, is recognized as the first book in the history of
European Renaissance socio-philosophical and political
thought to substantiate the idea of a centralized state
and the strategic principles underpinning it. It is no
coincidence that it astonished all of Europe in its time
[5].
The study of stratagems began in the late 20th century,
with Swiss scholar Harro von Senger and English
philosopher
Robert
Greene
considered
the
distinguished specialists who introduced this concept
into discourse. Senger’s Strategeme. Ban
d 1
(Stratagems, Vol. 1, 1999) and Strategeme. Band 2
(Stratagems: The Chinese Art of Living and Survival, Vol.
2, 2004), along with Robert Greene’s The 48 Laws of
Power (1998) and The 33 Strategies of War (2006),
discuss this subject in detail [6].
In Har
ro von Senger’s aforementioned works, totaling
more than 1,300 pages, information is provided on the
theory and practice of stratagems, their formation and
significance, and the origins of Chinese stratagems. The
works classify them, present their Western analogues,
and highlight their enduring influence [7].
In Uzbekistan, one of the very few works directly
dedicated to the subject of stratagems is the scholarly
treatise by Davronbek Qodirov, The 36 Chinese
Stratagems: Secrets of Military Tricks and Economic
Success. This work provides information on the famous
36 Chinese stratagems, explaining their content
through historical events and commentary recorded in
books on the subject. The author emphasizes: “In the
East, particularly in China, the secrets of wisdom for
victory and success on the battlefield were expressed
2,500 years ago in the form of 36 stratagems.
Furthermore, the ways in which present-day East Asian
countries, considered ‘dragons’ and ‘tigers,’ employ
these strategies in the economy and modern business,
as well as in competition, are revealed. This scholarly
treatise is intended as supplementary reading in
philosophy, the history and theory of national strategy,
propaganda technologies, marketing and management,
psychology, history, and pre-military training courses. It
is also designed for those interested in strategy and
manipulation, entrepreneurs, leaders, and the general
readership.” [8]
Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophical Sciences,
Professor V. Alimasov, in his article published in the
newspaper Hurriyat in 2008, also provided concise
information on this topic. He emphasized:
“Although the globalization processes taking place in
the world today are regarded as a positive
phenomenon, it is not difficult to notice that they
hinder the fr
ee expression of the ‘self’ of national and
individual consciousness. The unification of lifestyle,
cultural diversity, modes of thinking, and laws in the
name of planetary governance (some politicians and
researchers even propose the strategy of creating a
planetary government or state) may lead to the
unification of the very diversity and pluralism that
human reason, consciousness, and spirit constantly
desire.
Therefore, while supporting globalization processes,
scholars today face the challenge of preserving cultural
diversity, individual modes of thinking, the inclination
toward unique inquiries, and pluralism. The growing
interest in Chinese stratagems in recent years is one
such example of these efforts.” [9]
CONCLUSION
The subject of stratagems, their associated theories,
their practical application, their universal aspects, and
their manifestation at the national level is among the
least studied scientific topics in our country. The
scarcity of scientific literature on this issue does not
mean that the topic is irrelevant; rather, it indicates
that research into it began only relatively recently, not
only in our country but also worldwide. At the same
time, it should be emphasized that in recent years the
number of scholarly works and studies on this topic has
been increasing both abroad and in our country.
In the process of social development, the transition
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from one stage to another necessitates addressing
certain problems in all areas of life
—
particularly in the
economy, society, and politics
—
as well as in the field of
stratagems and strategies. This is because a new era,
condition, or situation cannot take steps toward new
goals without changing traditional views and attitudes,
without relying on a certain strategy. This, in turn,
requires the development of a new strategy, fresh
perspectives, attitudes, and principles. In such crucial
turning points, identifying strategic goals and the
dominant principles appropriate to a given stage of
development becomes a vital necessity for the fate of
peoples pursuing the path of progress.
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T.: Yangi asr avlodi,
2008.
–
239 b.
Temur tuzuklari. -
T.: Gʻ.Gʻulom nashriyoti, 1991.
Platon. Politik. Per. i komment. R.Svetlova. - Sankt-
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–
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Xarro fon Zenger. Stratagemы. O kitayskom iskusstve jit
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tыsyache
letiya. - M.: Progress, Kultura. 1995;
Zenger X. fon. Stratagemы. O kitayskom iskusstve jit i
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-M: Eksmo, 2004;
Qodirov D. 36 xitoy strategemasi: harbiy hiylalar va
iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyat sirlari.
–
Buxoro; BuxDU, 2016. 2-
b.
Alimasov V. Strategema
–
fikrlash va yengish ilmi //
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