25
CONVERSION WITHIN SECONDARY WORD CLASSES
Badirova Dilfuza Asamatdinovna
Karakalpak state university.
English is a very productive language. Due to its versatile nature, it can undergo many
different word formation processes to create new lexicon. Some of them are much lexicalized –
such as derivation or compounding. However, new trends are pointing up in the productive field.
As they are recent phenomena, they have not been much studied yet. Even scholars differ in their
opinions about the way they should be treated. There is only one point they all agree with: these
new methods are becoming more frequently used. For example,
‘
Conversion will be more active in the future, and so, it will create a great part of the new words
appearing in the English language
’ [2:1995: 415].
Conversion is particularly common in English because the basic form of nouns and verbs
is identical in many cases.
Up to this point conversion has only been considered as a shift from one grammatical
category to another. However, these are not the only cases where it may happen.
"
The notion of conversion may be extended to changes of secondary word class, within the same
major word category
"
[19: 1997: 1563]
This process has no clear terminology; for example, it is called
‘
change of secondary word class
’
by Quirk [4: 1997: 1563]
'conversion as a syntactic process
'
by Bauer [1: 2003: 227].
Within the field of conversion, it has not been much studied because it is less evident than
the classical conversion. Some scholars argue that these cases are products of syntactic processes,
and so, they may not be considered as part of word-formation
“
syntactic processes shift
within the same grammatical category but not to a
different one
”
[1: 2003: 227].
Conversion within Noun categories.
The noun category can undergo four different kinds of
secondary conversion [3: 1997: 1563-1566].
I.
First, an uncountable noun can shift to a countable noun, like in the case of
‘
supplies
’ – поставки
A Russian cargo rocket blasted off Thursday carrying about two tons of supplies, including
food and clean clothes, for a Russian and American crew living on the International Space Station.
II.
It can also happen the other way round, a countable noun can become an uncountable one by
becoming abstract, such as in
‘
cabaret
’ – у всех на виду
‘
chief
’ – главный
‘
touch
’ – прикосновение
Because cabaret, that's the whole idea of it – you're sort of sitting in the audience's lap for an
hour and a half.
26
Clinton has found himself totally at home in the role of arbiter-in-chief.
From Northern Ireland to the Middle East, the president has become known, as Pakistani
Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar said last week, as a leader with "a healing touch".
III.
A third case occurs when a
proper noun
is converted into a
common noun
, as can be seen
in
‘
diesel
(s)’ – person's name – ‘Дизель’
‘
Bordeaux
’ – person's name – Бордо
– usually related to high-quality French wines but not necessarily made in that particular city
‘
Yo-Yo
’ – trademark – торговый знак ‘Йо-Йо’
‘
Stradivarius
’ – famous maker of violins – Страдивари
1.
Today, more than a third of all cars sold to fuel-price-conscious Europeans are diesels, up from
25 percent just three years ago.
2.
Yo-Yo Ma, Cellist, says the 1712 Stradivarius he plays is "like a great Bordeaux", while his
1733 Montagna is "earthier, like a Burgundy".
3.
The Yo-Yo was invented 2,500years ago in Greece.
Thus, this category can be rephrased as "a product of the proper noun".
IV.
The fourth and final type happens when nouns shift from their static nature to a dynamic
meaning when they follow the progressive of the verb ‘
to be
’.
Examples of this kind are
‘
student
’ – быть студентом
‘
president
’ – быть президентом
‘
trouper
’ – была актрисой
1.
Still, being a student in such a large class can be daunting, said David Kaplan, a senior from
Middletown, N.J., who took Psych 101 as a freshman and is now a teaching assistant.
2.
In the next breath, he was speaking about being a president "willing to reach across the partisan
divide and to unite this nation" – a paraphrase of Mr. Clinton's own vow four years ago in the
final days of his re-election bid, "to get away from the politics of division and embrace the politics
of union."
3.
She was being a "trouper," said a friend, but she was "exhausted, a zombie."
These cases assume the meaning of “temporary role or activity”. This fourth type is a product of
the dynamic nature of the tense of the verb; it is not a characteristic of the noun by itself. This
means that these nouns would return to their static nature by eliding the progressive form.
Most new words are not as new as we tend to think. They are just readjustments within the same
language, like additions to existing items or recombination of elements. This is where the field of
action of conversion may be placed, and that is why this type of morphological studies reveals
interesting aspects in the diachronic evolution of the English language.
REFERENCE:
1.
Bauer L. English Word Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2003.
2.
Cannon G. Functional Shift in English. Linguistics. № 23. 1995. pp. 411-431.
3.
Quirk R. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Essex: Longman. 1997.
4.
Quirk R., Greenbaum S. A University Grammar of English.
London: Longman. 2007
.
5.
B.D. Asamatdinovna - Texas Journal of Philology, Culture and History, 2022
27
6.
Kaniyazova, A. (2023). THE STUDY OF THE CONCEPT CAUSALITY IN ENGLISH AND
KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES. Академические исследования в современной науке, 2(23),
197-199.
7.
Khudaybergenova Zukhra Urazbaevna "Grammatical features of the lexemes “white” and
“black” in English and Karakalpak languages" Innovations in technology and science education
Vol. 2 Issue 15. P.53-60
https://zenodo.org/records/10074869
8.
Musaev Abish Abilkazievich., Khudaybergenova Zukhra Urazbaevna Syntactic-semantic
realization of causative structures in English and Karakalpak languages The American Journal of
Social
Science
and
Education
Innovations
Vol.05.
Issue
11.
P.
29-37.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume05Issue11-03
THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH TRANSPORT TERMINOLOGY
Bazarbaev Azamat Baxramovich, PhD student of Karakalpak state university
Reymova Miyassar Jenisbaevna, BA student of Karakalpak state university
Abstract.
The linguistic analysis of English transport terminology offers a comprehensive
examination of the language used to describe various aspects of transportation. This research
delves into the morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of transportation-related language,
exploring how words are formed, structured, interpreted, and used in communication within the
transport sector. This article provides an overview of the linguistic analysis of English transport
terminology, highlighting its significance in understanding how language shapes and reflects our
perceptions, practices, and policies in the field of transportation.
Keywords:
Linguistic analysis, English, Transport terminology, Morphology, Syntax,
Semantics, Pragmatics
Transportation is an essential aspect of modern society, facilitating the movement of
people, goods, and information across geographical distances. The language used to describe
transportation is diverse and specialized, drawing upon linguistic resources to convey precise
meanings and facilitate effective communication among stakeholders in the transport sector [4].
The linguistic analysis of English transport terminology involves examining the
morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of transportation-related language.
Morphological analysis focuses on the structure of words and how they are formed, while syntactic
analysis explores the arrangement of words and phrases in sentences. Semantic analysis delves
into the meanings of transportation-related terms, and pragmatic analysis considers the social and
situational contexts in which language is used within the transport domain.
The morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimensions of English transport
terminology provide valuable insights into how language is structured, interpreted, and used within
the transportation domain:
1. Morphological Dimension:
- Word Formation: Morphological analysis examines how transportation-related words are
formed, including the use of prefixes, suffixes, and root words. For example, "automobile"
combines the prefix "auto" (self) with "mobile" (moveable), while "pedestrian" combines the root
word "ped" (foot) with the suffix "-ian" (related to).
