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− «бренд» (brend) – не просто «марка», а «фабричная марка, торговый знак, имеющие
высокую репутацию у потребителей»
Что мы понимаем под термином «англицизм». В словаре С.И. Ожегова: «Англицизм
– слово или оборот речи в каком-нибудь языке, заимствованные из английского языка или
созданные по образцу английского слова или выражения» [5, с. 1145]. Дополнительно
дадим определение понятию «заимствование» из лингвистического энциклопедического
словаря В.Н. Ярцевой: «Элемент чужого языка (слово, морфема, синтаксическая
конструкция и т. п.), перенесённый из одного языка в другой в результате языковых
контактов, а также сам процесс перехода элементов одного языка в другой» [7, с. 690].
Заимствования являются процессом усвоения слова или выражения из языка-донора
в язык-реципиент, а также и результатом этого усвоения. Результат такого процесса
называется ещё и заимствованным словом. Благодаря развитию Интернета и компьютерных
технологий, самая многочисленная группа заимствованных слов в последние десятилетия
в русский язык приходит из английского языка.
Сленг играет важную роль в формировании современного русского языка, обогащая
его лексический состав и отражая социокультурные изменения. Однако необходимо
учитывать, как позитивные, так и негативные аспекты его влияние на языковую культуру и
стандарты общения.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1.
Зорина А.В. Англицизмы в современном русском языке (на примере интернет-лексики)
/ А.В. Зорина // Казанский лингвистический журнал. – 2018. – Т. 1. №2 (1). – С. 5–14.
2.
Ожегов, С.И. Толковый словарь русского языка: ок. 100 000 слов, терминов и
фразеологических выражений / под ред. проф. Л.И. Скворцова. – 28-е изд., перераб. – М.:
Мир и Образование, 2013. – 1376 с.
3.
Ярцева В.Н. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / В.Н. Ярцева. – М.:
Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – 685 с.
THE USAGE OF INSTRUMENTAL SYNTAXAMES WITH THE PREPOSITIONS
Khabipova Revanna,
PhD, docent, Karakalppak state university
Annotation.
The analysis of the examples collected from the literary works of English and
American writers testifies that the instrumental syntax is expressed explicitly using the models
with+S, by+S, through+S, in+S, on+S, for+S. Among these models, the most productive in
expressing instrumental syntax is with+S. In the sentences the combination with+S can appear in
different syntactic positions.
Key words:
explicit, instrumental,
subordinate,
method,
categorical,
concept,
predicate
In the explicit expression of instrumental syntaxes in the English language system, the
relation of subject, object, tool and predicate is important mainly in the sentence device. It can be
expressed by verbs or other phrases. The analysis of the examples collected from the literary works
of English and American writers testifies that the instrumental syntax is expressed explicitly using
the models with+S, by+S, through+S, in+S, on+S, for+S.
51
Among these models, the most productive in expressing instrumental syntax is with+S. In
the sentence device, the combination with+S can appear in different syntactic positions:
1. with+S after the subject:
He struck at the horse… with his stick (OWPD, 220);
2. with+S after the personal form of the verb:
He was walking with the limp. (EHFA, 54);
3. with+S after the pronoun:
She swept him with her eyes (THJO, 64);
4. with+S after the past participle form of the verb:
Hands were over laden with rings. (OWPD, 175);
5. with+S after the present participle:
She said, touching with her finger. (THJO, 122);
6. with+S after the adjectives:
I wiped it clean with the sleeve of my coat (EHFA, 206);
7. with+ after the infinitive form of the verb:
He was too far away to hit with a pistol (EHFA, 185);
8. with+S after the adverbs:
You go out tomorrow with a little car. (EHFA, 155);
In the given examples, all syntactic units representing instrumental syntaxes, such as with
a stick, with a limp, with a pistol, with a ... car, take the place of a non-nuclear subordinate
component and participate in the structure of the sentence on the basis of a subordinate
relationship. In order to prove it, it is possible to use the drop down method of the experiment
method:
(1) He struck at the horse …. with his stick → he struck at the horse ….;
(2) He was walking with a limp → He was walking …;
(3) She swept him with her eyes → she swept him…;
(4) Hands were overladen with rings → Hands were overladen …;
(5) She said, touching with her fingers → she said, touching…;
(6) I wiped it clean with the sleeve of my coat → I wiped it clean…;
(7) He was too far away to hit with a pistol → He was too far away to hit…;
(8) You go out tomorrow with a little car → you go out tomorrow…
Omission shows that the syntactic unit represented by the model with+S has little effect on
the structure of the sentence and the meaning. In order to determine the instrumental syntaxes in
these sentences, it is necessary to determine their categorical and non-categorical differential
syntactic-semantic signs.
It is worth noting that differential syntactic-semantic signs can be determined by comparing
the syntaxeme in this sentence with the syntaxeme in the same syntactic position in another
sentence and on the basis of the same syntactic relationship. When analyzing the speech device
into syntaxes, first of all, it is necessary to identify categorical differential syntactic-semantic signs,
i.e. "substantiality", "procedurality", "qualification" signs. In this work, the instrumental syntax is
determined mainly within the framework of the "with+S" model. Substantiality is one of the
categorical syntactic-semantic signs, which is a concept related to the representation of an object
or substance. [1, 155–175].
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“On the basis of the concept of substance, it is necessary to understand not only the noun,
that is, concrete, animate and inanimate objects, but also the substantiated (nominal) quality"
[2,71]. Thus, several non-categorical signs, namely identifiable, identifying, agency, temporality,
locative, instrumentality and other syntaxes are expressed within the framework of substantiality.
In this work, instrumental syntaxes and their variants are determined using the experimental
method in the field of substantial semantics in the system of unrelated languages.
The categorical differential syntactic-semantic sign of the with+S model given above in
the sentence represents substantiality, and within its framework we define instrumental
syntaxemes and their variants from non-categorical signs.
The combination with ...stick in the first sentence represents the substantial pure instrumental
[SbIns] syntaxeme. In order to prove it, you can add the conjunction with the help of to the sentence
(1)
He struck at the horse …. with his stick →He struck at the horse with the help of his stick.
In the second sentence, with a limp-substantial represents the syntax of instrumental and style.
Instrumentality is determined by adding the combination by means of, and when determining the
style syntax, the interrogative transformation (how? in what way?) is used:
(2)
He was walking with a limp → He was walking by means of a limp → how was he
walking? In addition, with a limp also contains action syntax. Such a distinguishing mark is
determined using the method of transformation verbalization: He was walking with a limp →He
was … with a limp → He was limping. So, in this sentence, with a limp represents the substantive
instrumental style action syntax (SbInsMnAc).
In the third sentence with … eyes, in the fifth sentence with... finger, in the sixth sentence
with the sleeve, in the seventh sentence with a pistol, in the last sentence with a car–compounds
express substantial purely instrumental syntax, because they have by means of, with the help of,
by virtue of can be added, only in the last sentence it is possible to replace with a car with by a car:
(3)
She swept him with her eyes → she swept him by means of her eyes;
(4) Hands were over laden with rings → Hands were over laden by rings;
5.… touching with her finger → touching with the help of her finger;
6
... clean with the sleeve …→ … clean by means of the sleeve;
7…to hit with a pistol → … to hit with the help of a pistol;
8.You go out tomorrow with a little car → you go out …. by a … car or by means of a car;
It is known from the above analysis that in the activation of a single combination with+S,
pure instrumental (Ins), instrumental style actional (InsMnAc) and instrumental agentive syntaxes
are defined within the substantive syntax. It should be noted that with+S represents another syntax
besides instrumentality.
For example, L.K. Gaynutdinova claims that with+S represents a sociative (togetherness)
syntax within the framework of substantiality: On my last day in town I met her with her son and
daughter (Maugham). When proving this syntax, you can use together with or along with options
instead of the preposition with.... I met her with her son and daughter → I met her together with
her son and daughter [3.156].
Indeed, with...son and daughter cannot be preceded by with the help of or by means of.
From the analysis divided into syntaxes, it can be seen that the instrumental syntax is expressed
using with+S.
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REFERENCES:
1. Мухин А.М. Синтаксемный анализ и проблема уровней языка. –Ленинград: Наука,
1980.–304 с.
2.
Мухин
А.М.
Функционалный
синтаксис.
Функциональная
лексикология.
Функциональная морфология. С. Петербург: СПБ, 2007. –198 с.
3. Гайнутдинова Л.К. Предложные сочетания со значением социативности в современном
английском языке: Дисс….канд. филол.наук. –Пятигорск, 1985. –156 с.
WAYS OF CLASSIFYING IDIOMATIC COMPOUND NOUNS
Khadjieva D., PhD docent
Avezbayeva Yu., MA student, Karakalpak State University, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Annotation:
Linguistics' investigation of idiomatic compound nouns is a fascinating field
that sheds light on the complex interplay among language, culture, and cognition. The structure
and meaning of idiomatic compound nouns in the English and Karakalpak languages are
examined in this scholarly article. We seek to provide light on the distinctive qualities and
underlying mechanisms that control the genesis and interpretation of idiomatic compounds in
these two languages through a comparative study. We find fascinating similarities and differences
between English and Karakalpak that highlight their linguistic diversity and cultural subtleties by
looking at the structural patterns and semantic relationships within idiomatic compounds.
Key words:
idiomatic compound nouns, structural classification, semantic and grammatical
classification, combination of words.
Generally, compound nouns are very common in the English language and often come up in
both spoken and written English. We use them to refer to a single concept made up of two or more
words. Idiomatic compound nouns are a part of compound nouns that have a figurative or idiomatic
meaning, which often goes beyond the literal interpretations of individual components. These
compounds are characterized by a unique combination of words that, when used together, convey
a specific figurative sense or cultural connotation. The meaning of idiomatic compound nouns is
not always immediately deducible from the meanings of the component words, making them
interesting and sometimes challenging linguistic phenomena.
Wisniewski stated that compounding is the process of putting words together to build a new
one that does not denote two things, but one and that is pronounced as one unit [7: 2007]. It consists
of combining words having their own lexical meaning to produce a new unit that functions as a
single word that can be used in a certain situation. Cabtree and Power mentioned that
“compounding is a process which forms new words not from bound affixed but from two
independent words” [4: 1985]. The words, which are the parts of the compound, can be free
morphemes, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounding themselves.
According to E. Bolanle compounding is the most frequently used way of making new lexemes.
It consists of the combination of two words, in which one word modifies the meaning of the other,
the head. Its defining property is that it consists of combination of lexemes into larger words [2:
2017]. We have explored different sources and had learnt that idiomatic compound nouns as the
subpart of compound nouns had their own structure, definition and sphere of use.
