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Rubbish — Trash, or an exclamation meaning something is the same quality as trash
Whinge — To whine and complain
In conclusion, Collequal expressions play a crucial role in language use and understanding.
Through this article, we have delved into significance of collequations, gave examples and
compared English collequalism with another. Understanding collequal expressions is essential for
language learners aiming to achieve fluence and naturalness in their speaking and writing.
By recognising importance of Collequal expressions and incorporating them into language
learning and teaching practices, we can enrich our linguistic skills, deepan our cultural
understanding.
REFERENCES:
1. A Dictionary of English Colloquial Idioms (ELT Grammar Reference Series)
https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/english-colloquial-idioms
2. English Slang and Colloquial Expressions for ESL Learners (Everyday American Idioms for
ESL Learners) by Mr. Stephen Lau
3. Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage edited by E. Ward Gilman (1994)
United
Kingdom
COMPARING AND LEVELLING PROCESS IN TYPOLOGY AND TRANSLATION
Konisov G.U., Urazniyazova G.G.,
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus city
Abstract.
The article deals with the process of comparison and stages of levels in
comparative typology and translation in modern linguistics. Some types of techniques in
comparing two or more languages are suggested.
Key words:
language systems, synonymic units, synthetic, analytical nature
Comparative process in comparative typology and translation is based on the content plan.
Two or more language systems can be contrasted based on content or form. There are different
opinions on this matter. Some scholars recommend starting the comparison of language systems
based on content, others on form, that is, from content to form, or from form to content. The main
reason for the emergence of such different opinions is the lack of researched materials on
comparative typology and translation theory. [1].
Depending on the nature and purpose of the process of matching certain sub-systems or
categories, research can be conducted in different ways. But it is better to start the process of
combining language systems with content plan units: the content plan summarizes the synonymic
units of different levels of the expression plan in each language, as well as in the target languages;
semantically similar categorical meanings can be expressed by dissimilar units of the expression
plan in different languages; the chosen category can be represented by a special form in one
language, and by peripheral symbols in another language. [2].
The process of translation is similar to the process of comparative typology, that is, the
translator looks for new forms of expression in another language, because "translation means to
reconstruct the same meaning in another language while keeping the same meaning." Many
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linguists confirm this opinion. For example, according to Foster "the process of translation is the
transference of certain content of a text from one language to another,"[3].
J. Ellis agrees with this opinion: "Translation is the expression of an idea expressed in one
language in another language." [4]. S. According to Barkhudarov's definition, translation is "the
process of converting a speech activity (text) in one language into a speech activity (text) in another
language while maintaining an unchanged content plan."[1].
Based on the evidence obtained in the process of analysis of language material, an idea about
a specific language system is formed. Based on certain differential features, it is possible to talk
about the synthetic, analytical nature of the language, to include it in a certain language family.
The results obtained in the first period of the process of abstraction are equally useful to all
linguistic and non-linguistic disciplines, that is, any discipline, including translation, can use it as
ready-made material if necessary. The leveling stage of the typological operation is related to the
synthesis of the obtained results and the identification of relevant means of coordination in the
languages being compared. At this stage, the rules of adaptation of typological forms (types) are
restored. [5].
Some types of techniques based on IT such as automation, electronic calculation also can be
widely used in order to systematically describe and compare language structures when comparing
and comparing two or more language systems. These types can be used to compare two or more
languages. [6].
Comparison in comparative typology and translation is based on the content plan. Two or
more language systems can be contrasted based on content or form. There are different opinions
on this matter. Some recommend starting the comparison of language systems based on content,
others on form, that is, from content to form, or from form to content. The main reason for the
emergence of such different opinions is the lack of researched materials on comparative typology
and translation theory.
REFERENCES:
1. Barkhudarov L. S. Yazyk i perevod (Voprosy obshchei i chastnoi teorii perevoda). M.: 2010.
2. Croft, W. (2002). Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 2nd ed
3. Foster.A. Machine Translation of Language. N.Y.Z.,1965
4. Конисов, Г. (2023). The use of prepositions in expressing the syntactic attitude in the sentence.
Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке, 1(1), 189–190.
https://doi.org/10.47689/XXIA-TTIPR-vol1-iss1-pp189-190
5.Конысов, Г., & Уразниязова, Г. (2023). Роль глобальной сети в процессе изучения
иностранным языкам. Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI
веке, 1(1), 395–396.
https://doi.org/10.47689/XXIA-TTIPR-vol1-iss1-pp395-396
6. Song, J.J. (2001). Linguistic typology: Morphology and syntax. Harlow and London: Pearson
Education (Longman).
BORROWINGS IN LINGUISTICS AND THEIR CAUSES: A CASE STUDY OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Koshanova Sakhibjamal Bakhitbaevna
Doctoral student at Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh
