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SECTION 3. COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS AND
TRANSLATION
A CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY EXPRESSIONS IN KARAKALPAK
AND ENGLISH
Abdikarimova Guldana
MA student, Karakalpak State University, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Annotation: This thesis is about an extensive examination of apology expressions in
Karakalpak and English languages, employing an interlanguage pragmatic and second language
acquisition perspective. The study explores lexico-phraseological nuances, comparing how
individuals from diverse communicational situations perceive and express apologies. The analysis
highlights the cultural and pragmatic parameters shaping the speech genre of apologies, shedding
light on the interplay between social dynamics and linguistic cues.
Keywords: apologies, communicational situations, sorry, speech genre, interlanguage
pragmatic, second language acquisition.
Understanding how to apologize effectively in English, we must first understand the concept
of an apology. An apology is a way of admitting that we have done something wrong and
expressing regret for our actions. We apologize to show that we understand the impact of our
actions and that we feel sorry for the harm we have caused. Apologies can be given in many
different situations, and they serve as an important tool for communication.
This article was aimed to closely examine how apologies are expressed in the Karakalpak
and English languages, considering both second language acquisition and the different ways
people interact in different situations. The goal is to understand how the words and phrases used
in apologies differ in each language and how people from different cultures see and say sorry. The
study will help us learn about the social and cultural factors that affect how apologies are made,
showing how social dynamics and the language we use are closely linked.
Apologies, categorized as an etiquette genre, which generally is shared with gratitude,
condolences, and expressions of sympathy. We emphasized the role of etiquette rules in shaping
verbal responses and the use of lexical-semantic and grammatical indicators within the apology
genre [1: 38]. The communicative goal is to highlight remorse, influencing both the emotions of
the recipient and the speaker's attitude.
In the article, we tried identify situational nature, social characteristics, and the severity of
the offense as determinants for expressing apologies. It explores how these factors shape
relationships between communication participants, emphasizing their significance in genre
formation. The study highlights the impact of explicit or implicit positions of the author and
addressee, influencing speaker identification.
A comparative analysis of apology expressions in Karakalpak and English reveals
similarities and differences. The study explores linguistic nuances, addressing variations in
formality, the use of honorifics, and the presence of emotional stylistic elements.
A cross-cultural analysis of apology expressions involves examining how individuals from
different cultures perceive and express apologies. This type of research explores the linguistic,
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social, and cultural nuances surrounding apologies, shedding light on the ways people navigate
interpersonal conflicts and repair relationships across diverse cultural contexts [2:37]. Here's a
comprehensive breakdown of the key components involved in a cross-cultural analysis of apology
expressions:
An apology is a multifaceted speech act that involves acknowledging wrongdoing,
expressing regret, and often seeking forgiveness. Here's a breakdown of its components and
significance:
1. Acknowledgment of Wrongdoing: A sincere apology begins with the acknowledgment of
the specific action or behavior that caused harm or offense. This acknowledgment demonstrates
awareness and acceptance of responsibility for one's actions [4: 282-295].
By acknowledging the
specific action that caused harm, the speaker demonstrates accountability and validates the feelings
of the offended party: “I apologize, I misunderstood you and acted wrongly” – “Keshiresiz, men
sizdi nadurıs tushundim hám nadurıs háreket ettim”.
2. Expression of Regret: Genuine remorse is a crucial aspect of an apology. It involves
expressing genuine sorrow or sadness for the consequences of one's actions. This demonstrates
empathy and understanding of the hurt or damage caused. Expressing genuine remorse shows
empathy and acknowledges the impact of the wrongdoing on the offended party, fostering
understanding and emotional healing.
“I'm truly sorry, my words hurt you and I'm very regretful for that” – “Keshiresiz, meniń
sózlerim sizdi qapa etdi hám men bunnan qattı pushaymandaman”.
3. Acceptance of Responsibility: Taking ownership of one's actions is essential in any
apology. It involves admitting fault without making excuses or shifting blame onto others.
Accepting responsibility shows integrity and a willingness to be held accountable for one's
behavior. Accepting responsibility demonstrates integrity and a willingness to be held accountable,
laying the groundwork for rebuilding trust and repairing the relationship:
"I take full responsibility
for my behavior. There's no excuse for what I said, and I understand that it was wrong." – “Men
minez-qulqlarım ushın tolıq juwapkerlikti óz moynima alaman. Aytqanlarım ushın hesh qanday
sıltaw joq hám men bul nadurıs ekenligin túsinemen”.
4. Explanation (if necessary): In some cases, providing context or explanation for the
behavior can help the offended party understand the motives behind the actions. However,
explanations should not be used as excuses or justifications for wrongdoing. Providing context can
help the offended party understand the motives behind the behavior, but it's important not to use
explanations as excuses or justifications for wrongdoing: “I acted without fully understanding the
situation, I apologize for that. I should have been more patient” – “Men jaǵdaydı tolıq túsinbesten
háreket etdim, onıń ushın keshirim so'rayman. Men degbirlew (sabılı) bolıwım kerek edi”.
5. Request for Forgiveness: While not always explicitly stated, many apologies include a
request for forgiveness. This demonstrates humility and a desire to repair the relationship or restore
trust. Requesting forgiveness demonstrates humility and a desire to reconcile, signaling a
commitment to repairing the relationship and moving forward: “Please forgive me, I'm aware of
my mistake and I won't repeat it” – “Ótinish, meni keshiriń, qateimdi túsindim hám endi
tákirarlamayman”
6. Commitment to Change: A truly meaningful apology often includes a commitment to
change or make amends. This can involve taking concrete steps to rectify the situation, prevent
similar incidents from occurring in the future, or seek reconciliation. A commitment to change
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shows sincerity and a willingness to take concrete steps to prevent similar incidents in the future,
fostering personal growth and accountability: “
I will do my best to correct this mistake and I will
be cautious in the future” – “Men bul qáteni ońlaw ushın qolımnan kelgenin qılaman hám
keleshekte ıqtıyatlı (abaylı) bolaman.
The significance of an apology lies in its ability to mend relationships, restore trust, and
promote emotional healing. By acknowledging wrongdoing and expressing genuine regret, an
apology validates the feelings of the offended party and demonstrates respect for their dignity and
well-being. Additionally, apologies can foster personal growth and accountability by encouraging
individuals to reflect on their actions and strive for better behavior in the future. Overall, apologies
play a crucial role in interpersonal communication and conflict resolution, serving as a foundation
for repairing and strengthening relationships. A cross-cultural analysis of apology expressions
provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between language, culture, and interpersonal
dynamics. It enhances our understanding of how people navigate conflicts and seek reconciliation
across diverse cultural backgrounds.
REFERENCES:
1. Glushkova S. Yu. Category of politeness and methods of its interpretation in intercultural
communication / S. Yu. Glushkova. – M.: Progress, 2016. - 143 p.
2. Гольдин В. Е
.
Этикет и речь / В.Е. Гольдин. - Саратов: Изд-во Саратов. ун-та, 2015. – 310
с.
3. Emmons, R.A. and McCullough, M.E. (2003) The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford University
Press, New York, 377. [Citation Time(s):1].
4. Концепт «Вежливость» в коммуникативном сознании русских и англичан / Т.В. Ларина
// Czloviek Swiadomosc Komunikacja Internet. - 2016. - №4. –С. 284-293.
THE COMPARISON OF COLOUR IDIOMS IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK
LANGUAGES
Abdullaeva Sayyora,
Assistant of the English linguistics department, Karakalpak State University.
Abstract
.
This article investigates and compares idiomatic expressions related to colours
in English and Karakalpak languages. Colours hold significant cultural and linguistic
significance, often reflected in idiomatic expressions. Through a comparative analysis, this
research aims to uncover similarities and differences in how colours are metaphorically used in
these two languages. The methodology involves collecting a corpus of colour-related idioms from
English and consulting native speakers and language experts to gather comparable idiomatic
expressions in Karakalpak. The idioms are then analyzed in terms of their literal meanings,
metaphorical interpretations, cultural contexts, and frequency of usage.
Keywords: comparative study, colour idioms, English language, Karakalpak language,
linguistic comparison, cultural nuances, metaphorical language, cross-cultural communication,
language diversity.
Introduction.
Colours play a significant role in language, serving as a means of
communication, expression, and cultural representation. Across different languages, colours are
