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THE DUTOR FAMILY AND ITS ROLE IN PERFORMANCE
ABSATOVA MUNISA ABDUSALAM QIZI
Termez State Pedagogical Institute, Faculty of Physical Culture and Arts,
Music Education, student group 23-01
Scientific supervisor: M. Khojageldiyeva
Senior teacher of the Department of Musical Skills and Culture
Annotatsiya: Maqolada dutorning turlari, ijrochilikdagi ahamiyati va milliy
musiqa san’atidagi roli tahlil qilinadi
.
Kalit so’zlar: dutor, dutor oilasi, torli cholg‘u, ijrochilik san’ati, maqom, milliy
musiqa, o‘zbek musiqasi, an’anaviy cholg‘u, ansambl, yakkanavoz ijro.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the types of the dutar, its significance in
performance, and its role in national musical art.
Key words: dutar, dutar family, stringed instrument, performance art, maqom,
national music, Uzbek music, traditional instrument, ensemble, solo performance.
INTRODUCTION
Dutor is one of the ancient stringed instruments of Central Asia, which occupies
an important place in the musical culture of Uzbekistan. It is very popular among the
people due to its elegant sound, wide performance possibilities and its place in our
national music. This article analyzes the types of the dutor family, its importance in
performance and its place in the national musical art. Dutor is an integral part of the
national musical art, which expresses the spiritual world, history and culture of the
people. Dutor performance is highly valued as a musical heritage in Uzbekistan and
neighboring countries. Famous dutor players, through their work, develop the art of
dutor and pass it on to the new generation.
Today, dutor is one of the main musical instruments studied in conservatories,
music schools and art academies of Uzbekistan, playing an important role in the
development of our national music.
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DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Based on the tenor dutor, a dutor family was created, consisting of dutor prima,
dutor secunda, dutor alt, dutor bass and dutor contrabass.
Tuning of dutors:
Dutor prima – first octave first tori lya; second tori re, mi
Dutor secunda – (written) first tori first octave re; second tori minor octave sol,
lya.
Dutor alt- (heard) minor octave first tori lya; second tori re, mi.
Traditional national dutor- first tori minor octave re; second tori major octave
sol, lya, sometimes both tori are tuned to re.
Instead of silk strings, gut strings are used. The frets are permanently fixed in
a chromatic manner by removing the frets. The strings are tuned in fourths and unison.
The notes are written in the violin clef, tuned to "mi and lya" in the first octave. The
notes are written an octave higher than the pitch. The range is from mi-lya in the small
octave to sol in the first octave and do in the second octave.
In terms of appliqué, it is played similarly to the rubab prima and gijjak
instruments. For example, pissicato, bidratma, staccato, etc. The total range of the dutor
prima is from the sound of mi in the first octave to the sound of lya in the third octave,
and is played in the orchestra with a solo and a chorus. The dutor secunda is an
instrument belonging to the newly developed dutor family, in terms of sound in the
middle register, its strings also consist of two silk strings, tuned between the kavarta.
The dutor prima is slightly larger in appearance, meaning that the dutor has the same
bowl, but the length of the handle is different. It is tuned to Lya and D, and the overall
volume is adjusted from the Lya sound in the small octave to the D sound in the second
octave.
Dutor alt – The term “Dutor” is Persian, meaning “du” - two and “tor” - string.
The fingers of the performer’s right hand produce musical sounds by plucking the
strings of the dutor. The fingers of the left hand control the sound membranes.
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As in other nations, among Uzbeks, the terms that make up the components of
the dutor are pronounced differently in local dialect groups of different regions. The
names of some of its parts have a special original meaning. For example,
such terms as “Kuloq”, “Kharak”, “Kosakhona” and etc. have such a meaning.
The dutor is also tuned to a fourth - fifth, octave and unison. Dutores have nine
structures:
1. Handle
2. Bowl
3. Main Harrak
4. Shaitan Harrak
5. Ears
6. Curtains
7. Tiqn i.e. indicating the string
8. Voice position
9. Strings i.e. lya and mi
Among traditional instruments, the dutor is distinguished by its rich and varied
strokes, elegant and feminine, and philosophical sound. The following strokes are also
widely used in the dutor:
Single stroke - one of the simplest strokes. During the initial learning period of
the dutor, the player moves the right hand on the open string based on the following
symbols: П- (down) and V- (up) strokes. П - (down) indicates the movement sign, in
which all fingers except the thumb move down.
V - (up) is the movement sign, the thumb moves from bottom to top, in which
the remaining four fingers are placed on the thumb in a gathered position and
move together.
Up stroke - is struck with the thumb from bottom to top. To make the stroke
stronger, the index and middle fingers push from the base of the thumb. This stroke is
indicated by the symbol B (thumb).
Terma zarb - (Tanovar zarb) is one of the most widely used strokes in dutor
performance. It is mainly performed with the participation of the thumb and index
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fingers. When the stroke starts from top to bottom, the index finger and then the thumb
strike the string and move downwards. This stroke is indicated in the notation with the
symbol "k".
“Tremolo – from the Italian word tremolo – means trembling, trembling”. To
achieve this rhythm, the performer needs a lot of effort and perseverance. Tremolo is
created by quickly and continuously tapping the strings with the index finger up and
down using the wrist. To represent this rhythm in writing, the words “tremolo” or
“trem.” are written at the top of the notes. The quality of tremolo in the performance
of the piece depends on the evenness of the rhythm. Reverse rhythm is one of the most
frequently performed rhythms in dutor performance. Dozens of different variations of
this rhythm can be performed. It depends on the performer.
This beat is formed by playing with the right hand wrist down, thumb up, index
finger up, wrist down, thumb up, index finger up, wrist down, thumb up. In this case,
the direction of the right hand is determined as “ПVVПVVПV”. The fingers are written
at the bottom of the note as follows: “p.b.k.p.b.k.p.k”. The role of the term beat, reverse
beat, and rez in developing the right hand technique in dutor is incomparable, because
each of them is performed differently. The index finger and thumb directly participate
in these beats, and the wrist helps. If the wrist can move smoothly and freely in one
rhythm, the possibilities of performing various basic beats will expand. Role in dutor
performance. Dutor performance is distinguished by elegance and lyricism.
This instrument is widely used in the following areas: Solo performance - dutor
is used as a solo instrument in the performance of folk songs and classical works.
Ensemble and orchestra performance - the dutor plays an important role in
ensembles and orchestras, combining with other national instruments.
In maqom and folk songs - it is an integral part of maqom art, and is used in the
performance of classical music samples.
Modern music - today the dutor is used not only in traditional music, but also
in modern pop and experimental genres.
CONCLUSION
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The dutor is an integral part of Uzbek national music and culture, its formation,
development and place in performing arts have a long history. This musical instrument
is distinguished by its elegance, soft and attractive sound, and reflects the spiritual
world and traditional art of our people. The dutor is one of the main instruments that
gives its own unique sound not only as a solo instrument, but also in ensembles and
orchestras. This article examines the various forms of the dutor family and their role in
performance. Traditional, three-stringed, large and mini types of dutor are used in
various areas of musical art, expanding the possibilities of performance. Folk songs,
maqom art, modern pop and academic music play an important role in dutor
performance. Today, dutor art is taught as an important subject in the music education
system of Uzbekistan and plays an important role in training a new generation of
performers. Dutor performance is studied in depth in conservatories, art academies and
musical ensembles and is developing in harmony with traditional and modern
approaches. Dutor is not only a part of our national music, but also lives on as an
important art form that expresses the spiritual and aesthetic views of our people. Its
popularization and development among the younger generation is of great importance
in preserving our national musical heritage and bringing it to a new level. Therefore,
the study and development of the art of dutor is another shining example of respect and
devotion to our national culture.
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