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PREVENTION MECHANISM OF BLEEDING CONDITIONS
Daminov F.A.– DSc, Ass.Professor, head of the department of clinical
laboratory diagnosis with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Djabbarova N.R.- assistant of the department of clinical laboratory diagnosis
with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Sanaqulova S.A.- cadet of the department of clinical laboratory diagnosis
with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Samarkand state medical university
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Bleeding is the process of blood flowing from damaged blood vessels, which
is a direct complication of combat wounds and the primary cause of death among the
wounded on the battlefield and during evacuation stages. During the Great Patriotic
War, among the wounded who died on the battlefield, 50% succumbed to bleeding,
while in military medical areas, it accounted for 30% of all fatalities. In Afghanistan,
46% of the wounded died from bleeding and shock in military medical facilities such
as medical battalions and garrison hospitals [1,2,3,4,5].
Bleeding is classified based on the time of occurrence, the nature and caliber of
the damaged blood vessels, and the site of blood loss. There are primary and secondary
bleedings. Primary bleeding occurs immediately after an injury or within the first few
hours due to factors like loosening of a pressure bandage, displacement of a blood clot
from the injured vessel when moving the wounded, shifting of bone fragments, or
increased arterial pressure. Secondary bleeding is divided into early and late types
[6,7,8,9].
Early secondary bleeding occurs before the thrombus is fully organized,
typically on the third to fifth day after injury, due to the detachment of a loosely formed
clot blocking the wound. This may happen due to poor immobilization, jolts during
transportation, or wound manipulation during dressing changes. Late secondary
bleeding happens after thrombus organization and is associated with infection, clot
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dissolution, hematoma suppuration, or sequestration of the injured vessel wall.
Secondary bleeding most often occurs in the second week after injury. Warning signs
include pain in the wound, fever without signs of drainage obstruction, sudden brief
soaking of the dressing with blood, and detection of vascular murmurs during
auscultation of the wound area [10,11,12,13,14].
Secondary bleeding can sometimes stop on its own but poses a risk of
recurrence. Regardless of the type, blood loss has common consequences. Recognizing
the signs of blood loss is essential to differentiate them from other conditions such as
trauma effects or disease processes. The specifics of different types of blood loss are
discussed in specialized surgical sections. Blood loss is classified by volume and by
the severity of resulting changes in the div. The severity of post-hemorrhagic
disorders is assessed primarily by the depth of developing hypovolemia, which depends
on the volume of lost circulating blood [15,16,17,18].
Blood loss is evaluated in terms of the reduction in intravascular fluid volume,
loss of red blood cells that transport oxygen, and plasma loss, which is crucial for tissue
metabolism. The primary pathogenic and lethal factor in blood loss is the reduction of
blood volume, leading to hemodynamic disorders. Another critical factor is oxygen
deprivation. Hemodynamic and anemic factors activate the div's protective
mechanisms, which can compensate for blood loss. Compensation occurs through
shifting extracellular fluid into the bloodstream, increased lymphatic drainage,
regulation of vascular tone known as centralization of circulation, increased heart rate,
and enhanced oxygen extraction in tissues [19,20,21,22].
The easier the compensation, the less blood is lost and the slower the bleeding
occurs. However, when compensation fails or when decompensation occurs, blood loss
progresses to hemorrhagic shock, which is defined by its primary cause. The so-called
fatal threshold is determined not by the total blood loss but by the number of red blood
cells remaining in circulation. The critical reserve is 30% of the red blood cell volume
and 70% of plasma volume. The div can survive losing two-thirds of red blood cells
but cannot endure losing one-third of plasma volume.
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This understanding of blood loss allows for a more comprehensive assessment
of the div's compensatory processes.
When determining the severity of blood loss, the wounded person's condition
is assessed based on hemodynamic disturbances, clinical signs, and hematological
indicators. In all cases of severe blood loss, diagnosis is conducted using the simplest
and least time-consuming methods, as there is no time for additional examinations that
could delay urgent surgical intervention. This applies to the evaluation of critically
wounded patients arriving at a hospital with massive blood loss [23,24].
There are two levels of urgency in diagnostics, corresponding to decisions
regarding surgical intervention, whether emergency, delayed, or early surgery. The
primary goal of the assessment is to determine the severity of the wounded person's
condition, the characteristics of the bleeding, and the extent of blood loss, leading to a
clear decision on treatment strategy [1,2,3,4].
Thus, the scope of examination depends on the patient’s condition and medical
priorities. The first to be examined are severely wounded patients with a clearly
identified bleeding source, where treatment must begin immediately upon assessment,
with no delay in surgical decision-making. In unclear cases, where it is necessary to
identify the bleeding source and assess the severity of the div's response,
examinations are repeated. Further diagnostic steps are clarifying in nature, often
conducted under dynamic observation, but ultimately result in a treatment decision
[17,18,19,20].
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