MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-24
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371
INVESTIGATIONS OF BLOOD GROUPS AND THEIR ANTIGENS
Daminov F.A.– DSc, Ass.Professor, head of the department of clinical
laboratory diagnosis with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Djabbarova N.R.- assistant of the department of clinical laboratory diagnosis
with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Eshmuratova G.O.- cadet of the department of clinical laboratory diagnosis
with the course of clinical laboratory diagnostics of PGD;
Samarkand state medical university
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
The clinical significance of donor-recipient incompatibility by erythrocyte
antigens is dominant, since hemolysis is usually accompanied by organ and functional
disorders of varying severity. It is no coincidence that the majority of erythrocyte
antigens were discovered when studying the cause of PTO or hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN) due to allo-sensitisation of a woman by fetal erythrocytes inherited
from the father [1,2,3].
Keywords: hemolytic disease of the newborn, immune response, immunological
reactions, erythrocyte antigens;
It is important to note that many erythrocyte antigens are highly immunogenic,
i.e. capable of eliciting an immune response in the recipient upon their first entry into
the div. In addition, receptors carrying erythrocyte antigens are located on the surface
of cells and are easily accessible to antibodies, which combine to form an antigen-
antidiv complex that triggers all subsequent immunological reactions. To date, about
300 erythrocyte antigens have been discovered, grouped into 30 group systems
[4,5,6,7,8].
Each system is assigned a letter designation and a number, which basically
corresponds to the order of discovery of the system.
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Выпуск журнала №-24
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There are a large number of structures (factors) on the surface of human blood
cells that can play the role of antigens, i.e. when they enter the div of another person,
they stimulate an immune response: the production of antibodies and lymphocytes
sensitized to them. They are also called isoantigens (‘iso’ - equal), as they are found in
members of the same species, unlike heteroantigens, which are found in other
mammalian species. Such antigens divide humans as a species into groups
[8,9,10,11,12].
The science that studies isoantigens and isoantibodies is called isoserology. The
founder of the science of blood groups is Karl Landsteiner, who in 1901 described the
differences in the blood of people, later labelled as AB0 blood groups. The doctrine of
blood groups formed the basis for the scientific and practical development of the blood
transfusion method. For a long time, information about the group differences of blood
cells applied only to erythrocytes. Later it became known that such differences are
inherent in other cellular elements: leukocytes (HLA system, DR, etc.), platelets, as
well as blood plasma proteins [13,14,15,16].
Each person has his or her own unique set of antigens. They can cause
immunological incompatibility (during transfusion of blood and its components,
pregnancy, organ transplantation), development of autoimmune reactions. The most
important for transfusiology is to take into account the group properties of red blood
cells, as they primarily determine compatibility in blood transfusion.
Blood groups are
certain combinations of group factors (antigens) on human erythrocytes. Currently, a
number of antigenic systems of erythrocytes have been discovered and studied: AB0,
Rh-Hr, MNSs, Kell, Duffy and others [17,18,19,20,21,22].
The AB0 and Rh-Hr (Rhesus) systems are of greatest importance in blood
transfusion. Group antigens are hereditary, innate properties of blood that do not
change during a person's life. Erythrocyte antigens are called agglutinogens because
they make erythrocytes stick together (agglutinate) under the influence of antibodies
(agglutinins). Antibodies to red blood cells are formed in response to ingestion of
another person's red blood cells or red blood cell antigens and are immunoglobulins by
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nature. Depending on the origin, a distinction is made between natural and immune
antibodies [23,24].
The application of the described system allows to improve the quality of studies
at the pre-analytical stage due to standardisation of sample collection procedures, to
ensure stabilisation and preservation of sample nativity during their storage and
transportation; to increase the protection of personnel and reduce labour costs during
the collection and processing of biological material. Thus, the use of safe vacuum blood
collection systems contributes to the solution of the priority task of modern clinical
laboratory diagnostics - to ensure high quality and reliability of the results of laboratory
tests and, in addition, guarantees a reduction in the total cost of working time for
laboratory tests [3,4,5,6,7,8,9].
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