MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
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THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE
OVUM OF THE FEMALE BODY
Mukhitdinova Khurshida Samikhovna, Temirova Dilnoza Olimjonovna
Asia International University
Annotation. Female germ cells are called eggs, and male germ cells are
called spermatozoa. Both of them are involved in fertilization. The egg matures every
month in the left or right ovary, and then leaves it to meet the male sex cell. Let's take
a closer look at the structure of the egg in order to learn more about the processes
that take place inside us.
Key words: Egg, Ovogenesis, Gametogenesis, Cytoplasm, Nucleus,
Karyoplasm
Follicles with oocytes (immature eggs) are laid in a girl while still in the
womb. Normally, their number is about 7 million. This number is decreasing due to
diseases or bad habits of the mother, other adverse conditions, as well as natural
causes. By the time of the first menstruation, 250-400 thousand cells remain. On
average, a woman has 400 menstrual cycles during her reproductive age, which is the
number of all mature germ cells.
Several follicles grow during the menstrual cycle. Only one matures — the
dominant one, the rest do not have time to mature and die. An oocyte develops in the
main follicle. The mature follicle bursts, and the oocyte exits it into the fallopian tube.
This means that a woman is ovulating. Conception is possible only during this period.
If two eggs come out at once in one cycle, a woman can become pregnant with twins.
The egg is the largest cell in the human div, it can even be viewed without
a microscope, with the naked eye. It is about 20 times the size of a sperm cell. The
diameter is 0.12 mm, which is comparable to a grain of sand. The oocyte has the shape
of a ball. After leaving the ovary, it lives from 12 to 36 hours. After this period, it
breaks down and is excreted during menstruation.
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The core
In the center of the cell is the nucleus, which carries the genetic information
in half a set of chromosomes. It has 23 chromosomes. The male reproductive cell
contains the same amount. By uniting, they give rise to a new life. The sex of the
unborn child is determined by the male sex chromosome.
Cytoplasm
The nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm (ovoplasm), which contains
organoids and reserve nutrients necessary for the development of the embryo at the
initial stages of growth. During fertilization, the sperm gets rid of the cytoplasm. And
the egg must store the substances necessary for the formation of the future embryo.
The cell synthesizes some of them by itself.
Organelles
In addition to the nucleus, the cytoplasm contains other organelles —
components of the cell that are vital for its existence.
Mitochondria are called the energy stations of the cell. The main function of
these organelles is the synthesis of ATP. It is a universal source of energy for all
biochemical reactions in a living organism. Mitochondria contain their own DNA,
which is inherited only through the maternal line. This is because male gametes lose
mitochondria during fertilization.
The endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubes and pockets surrounded by a
membrane. This network is involved in metabolism. Protein transport and synthesis
take place in it, and a supply of calcium is created.
The Golgi apparatus is used to remove substances that are synthesized in the
endoplasmic reticulum. It is also involved in the accumulation and sorting of
substances using various enzymes.
Shells
The cytoplasm is surrounded by several shells at once.
The yolk membrane is an internal protective layer that helps recognize
spermatozoa using special protein receptors. Sperm of another biological species
cannot pass through this membrane.
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The shiny shell (zona pellucida) prevents the penetration of more than one
sperm. It also holds together the cells of the embryo, which at first are not yet
connected to each other. Without support, they can simply fly apart. After conception,
the earliest processes of cell division in the embryo take place inside the shiny shell.
On days 5-6, the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage and leaves the shell. After that,
it is ready for implantation into the uterine wall.
The radiant crown (corona radiata) is the outer layer, which consists of special
follicular cells. They are responsible for nutrition and produce the necessary
hormones. The name radiant crown was given because of the appearance in the
microscope: a lot of villi on the surface resemble rays.
Spermatozoa that have penetrated the uterus try to destroy the surface of the
egg with the help of enzymes. But only one gets inside. After this happens, the shells
change, and other spermatozoa can no longer penetrate through the dense layers. In
rare cases, this does happen, but a viable fetus is not formed.
Features of the egg cell structure in different animal species
The structure of the reproductive cells of animals depends on the method of
reproduction and the conditions in which the fetus develops before its birth. In some
eggs, the yolk is completely missing. This is typical, for example, for flatworms. In
humans, as in other mammals, the egg contains an average amount of yolk. Multi-
yolk cells are characteristic of bony fish, reptiles, and birds.
The ratio of egg and sperm sizes differs from species to species. For example,
in a sea urchin, this ratio is 10,000:1, which is much higher than in humans. The eggs
themselves are the largest in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Their cytoplasm
contains a huge amount of nutrients for the development of the embryo.
In birds, the egg is the part of the egg that is usually considered the yolk. Its
diameter in a chicken is 3 cm, and in an ostrich it reaches 10-11 cm. When moving
through the oviduct, the bird's germ cell becomes overgrown with an additional hard
layer — a shell that will protect the future chick.
The role of the egg in the development of the div
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Fertilization is the fusion of female and male gametes. Together, they form a
new single-celled organism called a zygote. At the crushing stage, the zygote is
divided into smaller parts, while its total volume does not increase. A dense cluster of
cells (morula) then becomes a multicellular embryo.
At the very beginning of its existence, the embryo takes nutrients from the
egg. To do this, it contains yolk granules, which are filled with fats, vitamins, trace
elements, and a small amount of protein. That is, the egg is crucial in the early
formation of the div, and not only transmits genetic information.
Previously, it was believed that the role of the egg in fertilization is
exclusively passive. Millions of spermatozoa are actively moving towards the goal,
while the female cell is just waiting motionlessly. But new research by scientists at
the University of Manchester has shown that this is not entirely true. Eggs use
chemical signals to attract sperm. So, they choose those that lack damaged genes.
Conclusion
Studying the structure of the egg cell provides scientists with valuable
information about the processes of development of living beings. In turn, research by
scientists helps women when planning pregnancy.
An important feature of female germ cells is that their number is limited.
Sperm cells in men are updated regularly, and oocytes are laid even at the embryonic
stage, and with age they become fewer. This indicates the importance for a woman of
taking care of her health. Bad habits, lack of sleep, poor nutrition — all this worsens
the quality of eggs and affects the unborn baby.
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Выпуск журнала №-19
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