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THE ART OF TRANSLATION
Mehrixon ORTIQOVA
student of the Faculty of Theory and Practice
of Translation TSUULL
Scientific supervisor: Nigina TEMUROVA
teacher of TSUULL
Annotation.
This artcle is about translation problems and their solutions,
especially, in written form which was known as a literal translation. There is given
several transformation techniques through the explanations and examples for them.
Also, it covers lexical and grammatical problems in uzbek-english translation.
Key words.
Translation, transformation, borrowing, calque, metaphoric
transformation, syntax, lexicon, grammar, language families.
Translation is the source of communication and exchangeing information between
two languages.It opens us the doors of unlimited knowledge in every field. From the
past till today individuals were aware of masterpieces of foregn literature and universal
discoveries only through it. According to Italo Calvino: “Without translation, I would
be limited to the borders of my own country. The translator is my most important ally.
He introduces me to the world"
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. Translatior is someone who re-creates a new universe
inside the author's work of art while turning it into other language. It is a complex and
intricate task that requires deep understanding of both the source and target languages,
as well as a profound knowledge of the subject matter being translated. The person who
wants to translate one appropriate article to another language should be possessed high
level linguistic abilities, including good range of vocabulary, grammar and syntax
knowledge. His task is not only working on words or phrases, but also capturing the
essence and subtleties of the source language. As Jorge Gonzalez Moore said: “The
translator is the author’s accomplice”
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. In order to stay in equal position with writer,
translatior also should be artstic person who can express the same emotions like the
hero of the book, even if there is no equivalents of the words that was told by character
in target language. To deal with this problems translator should be flexible and creative.
This skills, especially, would be demanded in literal form of translation, beacuse in this
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https ://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Italo_Calvino
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https ://prism.lib. asu. edu/collections/70186
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type, it really matters how meaning comes into, not formulation of part of speech. In
this case, I am going to explore every avenue of literal translation and analyse it's
problems which we might come across while translation process.
Literal translation is the translation that reproduces communicatively irrelevant
elements of the source text. This usually happens when the translator copies the source
language form on this or that level of the language. When we work on uzbek-english
translation, the main problem will be word order. Because this languages depended in
two different language families. As conversation goes on, parts of speech changes its
order in translated version of text. Noun becomes ajective or verb turns into object.
This situation obligates us to change lexical and syntactical forms of words with
keeping exactly the same meaning in target language. Another challenge is verb tense.
Languages may have different ways of expressing past, present, and future actions. For
instance, in English we have sixteen tenses while in Uzbek they are only three. It may
cause lots of difficulties in terms of making compount and simple sentences.
Another main challenges in translation is dealing with lexical problems. These
problems arise when there are words or terms in the source language that do not have
a direct equivalent in the target language. Translators must find creative solutions to
accurately convey the meaning of these words while considering the cultural and
linguistic context. As an example I am going to show several problematic situations
and their solutions from the book of " Alice in wonderland". The book starts like that:
"Once upon a time..." Fairy tales which we used to listen intently in our childhood
usually began with these words and come to an end like this: "... and their dreams come
true"
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.
And let's see it's translated form.
"Bor ekanda yo'q ekan..." bolaligimizda jon qulog'imiz bilan tinglaganimiz
ertaklar, odatda shunday boshlanib, "... murod maqsadiga yetibdi" qabilida tugardi.
First of all, translator used several types of transformation techniques in order to
keep cultural and ideomatic equalaty. If we translate the phrase of " Once upon a time"
word by word, it will be " Bir payt" or " paytlardan biri" in uzbek. But our national fairy
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tales never starts like that. Instead, we use some unchangeble lexical unities. So in these
case, translator used one of them and made metaphoric transformation. Also, in original
text, there was written "... and their dreams come true". Again, translator used our
national fairy tale ending phrase "murod- maqsadiga yetibdi". Because if we translate
original form straightly, in Uzbek it sounds like "... va ularning orzulari ushalibdi".
However, we never end our stories like that. That is why translator must be sensitive to
the cultural differences between languages. He need to understand the cultural
connotations, idiomatic expressions, and social norms of both the source and target
languages in order to produce an accurate and culturally appropriate translation. This
requires a deep understanding of the cultural background and context in which the
original text was written. Another lexical problem is dealing with idiomatic expressions
or cultural references that may not have a direct translation. Translators must carefully
consider the cultural and historical background of both languages to find appropriate
equivalents or adapt the expression to make it understandable in the target language.
For example, every nation has it's own celebrations, holidays, foods and clothes which
we can't find it's alternative. In that cases, we use several types of transformation
techniques like borrowing and calque. Borrowing is type of lexical transformation that
means to not translate culture, medicine, technique words, but transfer them into
translating text without any change. As a matter of the fact, we will never find
alternatives for them, because they all has unique appearance, usage methods and shape.
For instance: do'ppi, sombrero, telephone, television and ext. Calque is also type
transformation means "half translation". There will be two words with one appropriate
meaning and we translate one part of it. For example, "mini-skirt", in Uzbek it will be
"mini-yubka". Because "mini" universal standart word. Also, we have ideoms which
we can not translate word- by-word because it's metaphoric structure. As everyone
knows, that in ideoms every word will be used in it’s another hidden meaning. In this
situation, translator ought to find clear equivalent for them in target language. To give
an example, in Uzbek folklore, fox represents gimmick person, wolf is stupid, bear is
careless. However, in other cultures fox is symbol of loyalty. So in this case, translator
should pay attention in every detail when he working on ideoms and have to use faithful
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transformation which means “translation of meanings”. For example, in English we
have idiom "when pigs fly". But we don't translate it into Uzbek like "cho'chqalar
uchganda". Instead, we say "tuyaning dumi yerga tegganda" because they both have the
same meaning and it will be the clearest alternative for them. Overall, lexical problems
require translators to be resourceful and creative in finding solutions that maintain the
integrity of the original message while adapting it to the target language. It is a constant
balancing act between linguistic accuracy and cultural understanding.
“The main concern of art of translation is to determine appropriate translation
methods for the widest possible range of texts and to give insight into the translation
process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech”
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. It can
be bridge of opportunities which connects two different countries and their literature.
The best translators of all centuries were poets and writters who could translate the
languae of their hearts for readers but the masters of translation were persons who could
feel that heart beat, understand it in foregn language and present it to another nations.
This is why, translation is also known as an art, which holds unrepedable grace in it’s
every chapter.
References
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https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_Calvino
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https: //prism.lib.asu.edu/collections/70186.
