МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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HALOGEN ELEMENTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN LIVING
ORGANISMS
Eshonqulov Zoir Ahmedovich
1
E-mail:
Xoliqulov Hamro Jasur o’g’li
1,2
E-mail:
Organization:1- Uzbekistan - academic lyceum of the Finnish
Pedagogical Institute
2-Uzbekistan - Finnish Pedagogical Institute
Annotation:
A wider study of the importance of each element in living
organisms. Wider application of the biological significance of the functioning
of halogens. Production of a database for students. Processing and discussion
of the information we know and do not know. Deeper study of the importance
of macro and microelements in the div
Keywords:
Halogens, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine
(I), and astatine (At) sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen sulfide, frasch
process, , hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin.
Introduction.
Biogenic elements are essential chemical elements that play crucial roles
in the structure, function, and metabolism of living organisms. These elements
are typically classified into two categories based on their abundance and
biological significance: major elements and trace elements.
Major Biogenic Elements:
1.
Carbon (C): Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules, forming the basis
of all organic compounds essential for life. It's a key component of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2.
Hydrogen (H): Hydrogen is ubiquitous in biological systems, present in water
and organic molecules. It participates in chemical reactions, especially in
energy transfer and acid-base reactions.
3.
Oxygen (O): Oxygen is vital for cellular respiration, where it serves as the
final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It's also a component of
water and organic molecules.
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4.
Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen is a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA), and many coenzymes. It's obtained from the environment
as ammonia or nitrate and is essential for growth and development.
5.
Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a component of nucleic acids (phosphate
groups in DNA and RNA), ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy
carrier in cells), and phospholipids (major components of cell membranes).
Trace Biogenic Elements:
1.
Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K): These electrolytes are essential for nerve
function and muscle contraction.
2.
Calcium (Ca): Calcium is crucial for bone and teeth formation, muscle
contraction, and nerve function.
3.
Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium is a cofactor for many enzymes and is involved
in ATP metabolism.
4.
Iron (Fe): Iron is essential for oxygen transport (hemoglobin) and electron
transport (cytochromes).
5.
Zinc (Zn): Zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes and plays a role in gene
expression and immune function.
6.
Copper (Cu): Copper is involved in electron transport and antioxidant defense
(as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase).
7.
Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in
metabolism.
8.
Iodine (I): Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis.
These biogenic elements are obtained by organisms from their environment
(either directly or through consumption of other organisms) and are utilized in
various biochemical processes that sustain life. They are essential for growth,
reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis within cells and organisms.
Environmental Impact:
The availability and cycling of biogenic elements in ecosystems are
crucial for maintaining ecological balance and sustainability. Human activities,
such as agriculture and industrial processes, can affect the distribution and
concentration of these elements, impacting both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.
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In conclusion, biogenic elements are indispensable components of life,
supporting the intricate biochemical machinery that enables organisms to
grow, reproduce, and adapt to their environments. Understanding their roles
and interactions within biological systems is essential for advancing fields such
as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science, ensuring the health and
well-being of both organisms and ecosystems alike.
Halogens are a group of chemical elements that include fluorine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). While not typically
considered essential in the same way as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur halogens do play various roles in living organisms:
1.
Iodine (I) in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:
Iodine is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and
triiodothyronine) in the thyroid gland. These hormones regulate metabolism,
growth, and development. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid disorders and
developmental issues.
2.
Chlorine (Cl) in Digestive Processes:
Chlorine, in the form of chloride ions (Cl
-
), combines with hydrogen ions
(H
+
) in the stomach to form hydrochloric acid (HCl). This acid is essential for
the digestion of food, particularly proteins, and activates enzymes involved in
digestion.
3.
Antimicrobial Properties of Halogens:
Halogens, particularly chlorine and iodine, have antiseptic properties. They
are used as disinfectants to kill pathogens and sterilize surfaces in medical and
industrial settings.
4.
Biological Signaling and Regulation:
Halogens can influence biological signaling pathways and regulatory
mechanisms. For example, bromine is found in certain marine organisms and
may play roles in chemical signaling and defense mechanisms.
5.
Environmental Interactions:
Halogens can interact with organic compounds and affect ecological
processes. For instance, bromine compounds can be involved in marine
biogeochemical cycles and microbial interactions in marine ecosystems.
6.
Industrial and Pharmaceutical Applications:
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Halogens and their compounds have industrial applications, such as in the
production of chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Fluorine, in particular,
is used in the synthesis of fluorinated compounds with specialized properties
in medicine and materials science.
7.
Radioactive Halogens:
Astatine (At) is a radioactive halogen and is rare in nature. It has been
studied for potential medical applications in targeted cancer therapy
(radioimmunotherapy).
In summary, while halogens are not typically considered essential for
basic biological functions like energy metabolism or cellular structure, they do
play significant roles in specific biochemical processes, ecological
interactions, and industrial applications. Understanding these roles helps in
appreciating their impact on both biological systems and human activities.
In the main part, we will get to know Halogens in detail
Main part.
Fluorine.
Fluorine
is not considered an essential element for living
organisms in the same way as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur are. In fact, fluorine's reactivity and toxicity generally
preclude its incorporation into biological molecules like proteins and nucleic
acids.
However, fluorine can still play a role in living organisms in certain
contexts:
1.
Dental Health:
Fluoride ions (F
-
) are beneficial for dental health when consumed in small,
controlled amounts. Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay by enhancing the
remineralization of tooth enamel and inhibiting the growth of bacteria that
cause cavities.
2.
Industrial and Environmental Exposure:
Fluorine and its compounds are sometimes encountered in industrial
settings and can inadvertently affect living organisms through environmental
exposure. Chronic exposure to high levels of fluorine compounds can have
toxic effects on the skeletal system and other organs.
3.
Medical Imaging:
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Fluorine-18 (
18
F) is a radioactive isotope of fluorine used in positron
emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is incorporated into biologically active
molecules and allows for non-invasive imaging of physiological processes in
the div.
4.
Chemical Interactions:
Fluorine's chemical properties are sometimes exploited in pharmaceuticals
and other synthetic compounds to modify molecule stability, alter biological
activity, or enhance properties like lipophilicity (ability to dissolve in fats).
In summary, while fluorine is not essential for life and can be toxic at
high levels, its presence and use in certain applications can impact living
organisms in beneficial or adverse ways, depending on the context and
concentration. However, its role in biological systems is limited primarily to
dental health benefits from fluoride and niche applications in medical and
chemical sciences.
Chlorine.
Chlorine is an essential element for living organisms,
primarily in the form of chloride ions (Cl
-
). It plays several critical roles in
biological systems:
1. Electrolyte Balance:
Chloride ions are one of the major electrolytes in the div, along with
sodium (Na
+
) and potassium (K
+
). They help maintain proper osmotic pressure
and electrolyte balance both inside and outside cells, which is essential for
cellular hydration and function.
2. Digestion:
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced in the stomach by combining
chloride ions with hydrogen ions (H
+
). This acid is crucial for the digestion of
food, particularly breaking down proteins and activating digestive enzymes.
3. Immune Response:
- Chloride ions are involved in the immune response. Neutrophils, a
type of white blood cell, use chloride channels to generate hypochlorous acid
(HOCl) from chloride and hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
), which is an important
antimicrobial agent.
4. Nerve Function:
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- Chloride ions play a role in nerve function by influencing the
excitability of neurons. They help maintain the resting membrane potential of
neurons, which is crucial for transmitting electrical signals.
5. Fluid Balance:
- Chloride ions contribute to the movement of fluids across cell
membranes and the regulation of blood pH. They assist in maintaining proper
blood volume and pressure, as well as acid-base balance.
6. Transport of Carbon Dioxide:
- Chloride ions can also combine with carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in red
blood cells to form bicarbonate ions (HCO
3
-
), which is an important
mechanism for transporting CO
2
from tissues to the lungs for elimination.
Overall, chlorine's importance in biological systems underscores its role
in maintaining physiological functions such as digestion, nerve transmission,
immune response, and fluid balance. Without adequate chloride ions, many
essential processes in the div would be compromised, highlighting chlorine's
essentiality for life.
Bromine.
Bromine, like chlorine, is a halogen and is found in trace
amounts in living organisms. While not considered an essential element like
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHONPS
elements), bromine does play several roles in biological systems:
1.
Thyroid Function:
Bromine can affect thyroid function similarly to iodine. It competes with
iodine for uptake and binding in the thyroid gland, influencing thyroid
hormone production and metabolism.
2.
Antimicrobial Properties:
Bromine and bromide ions (Br^-) have mild antiseptic properties and can
be used as disinfectants. They have been historically used in medical
treatments for skin conditions and as antiseptics in wound care.
3.
Biological Processes:
Bromine is occasionally found in organic molecules in nature, where its
presence can alter the chemical properties of the molecule. Some marine
organisms, like certain algae and bacteria, incorporate bromine into secondary
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metabolites that serve ecological roles, such as defense mechanisms or
signaling molecules.
4.
Environmental Impact:
Bromine compounds can be released into the environment through natural
processes and human activities. In aquatic ecosystems, bromine can interact
with organic matter and influence nutrient cycling and microbial processes.
5.
Industrial Uses:
Bromine compounds are also utilized in various industrial applications,
such as flame retardants and as intermediates in chemical synthesis.
In summary, while bromine is not considered essential for life in the
same way as some other elements, its presence and biological interactions can
have significant implications in certain contexts. Understanding its roles in
thyroid function, microbial ecology, and ecological interactions helps in
comprehending its impact on living organisms and ecosystems.
Iodine.
Iodine is a crucial trace element that is essential for the proper
functioning of the human div and many other organisms. Here are the key
roles and importance of iodine in living organisms:
1.
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:
Iodine is a vital component of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are synthesized in the thyroid
gland and are critical for regulating metabolism, growth, and development
throughout the div. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland cannot
produce adequate amounts of these hormones, leading to disorders like
hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or goiter (enlarged thyroid gland).
2.
Metabolic Regulation:
Thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate of cells and tissues, helping
to regulate energy production and expenditure. They play a crucial role in
maintaining div temperature, heart rate, and energy metabolism.
3.
Development and Growth:
Adequate iodine intake is essential during pregnancy and early childhood
for proper fetal and infant brain development. Thyroid hormones are critical
for the development of the central nervous system, including the brain and
spinal cord. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can lead to irreversible
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cognitive impairment and developmental delays in children, a condition known
as cretinism.
4.
Immune Function:
Iodine plays a role in maintaining immune function. It has been shown to
have antioxidant properties and may contribute to the div's defense against
oxidative stress and inflammation.
5.
Regulation of Reproductive Function:
Thyroid hormones, influenced by iodine levels, are involved in regulating
reproductive function, including menstrual cycles and fertility in both men and
women.
6.
Iodine-Containing Compounds:
Iodine is also found in other biological molecules and compounds. For
example, it is a component of iodinated lipids and proteins, which may have
specific roles in cellular function and signaling pathways.
Sources of Iodine:
Iodine is obtained primarily through the diet, with significant sources
including iodized salt, seafood (such as fish and seaweed), dairy products, and
eggs. In regions where iodine deficiency is prevalent, iodized salt programs
have been implemented to ensure sufficient intake.
Iodine is indispensable for human health and the health of many other
organisms. Its role in thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation impacts
metabolism, growth, development, and overall physiological function.
Adequate iodine intake is crucial for maintaining optimal health throughout
life stages, from fetal development through adulthood.
Conclusion.
In conclusion, halogens play diverse and significant roles in living
organisms, despite not being considered essential elements for life in the same
way as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHONPS
elements). Here are the key points summarizing their roles:
1.
Iodine (I) and Thyroid Function:
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of
thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. It is
crucial during pregnancy and early childhood for proper brain development.
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2.
Chlorine (Cl) and Digestion:
Chlorine, in the form of chloride ions, is
necessary for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which aids
in the digestion of food, particularly proteins.
3.
Antimicrobial Properties:
Halogens such as chlorine and iodine have potent
antiseptic properties and are used as disinfectants to kill pathogens and
sanitize surfaces in medical and industrial settings.
4.
Environmental Interactions:
Halogens interact with organic compounds in
natural environments, influencing ecological processes and biogeochemical
cycles, particularly in marine ecosystems.
While their roles vary widely, halogens collectively contribute to the
complexity and functionality of biological systems, ecological interactions,
and human activities. Understanding these roles helps in appreciating their
impact on both natural environments and human health and technology.
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ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
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