МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
89
https://universalpublishings.com
TRANSLATION AND ITS ROLE IN LINGUISTICS
Tasheva Nafisa Zaynitdinovna
Asia International University
Department of History and Philology
tashevanafisazaynitdinovna@oxu.uz
Abstract:
Translation plays a crucial role in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps
between different languages and societies. It serves as a key process in the
dissemination of knowledge, literature, technology, and culture across the globe. This
article explores the significance of translation in the field of linguistics, examining its
historical development, theoretical foundations, and its impact on language structure,
meaning, and communication. It also highlights various translation approaches, such
as formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, and discusses the challenges faced by
translators in conveying meaning accurately and effectively. Ultimately, translation
serves as a bridge not only between languages but also between cultures, promoting
cross-cultural understanding and facilitating global communication.
Keywords:
translation, linguistics, language structure, cultural exchange, translation
theories, meaning, formal equivalence, dynamic equivalence, cross-cultural
communication.
Translation is an age-old practice that has existed for centuries, facilitating
communication between speakers of different languages. Its significance extends
beyond mere language conversion, as it serves as a gateway for the exchange of ideas,
culture, and knowledge. In linguistics, translation is not only about rendering words
from one language to another, but it also involves a deeper understanding of grammar,
syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Translation is integral to the field of linguistics as
it provides insights into how languages function, how meaning is constructed, and how
cultures interact through language.
The Role of Translation in Linguistics
In the field of linguistics, translation plays several critical roles:
Language Structure and Meaning:
Translation challenges the translator to
understand the intricate structures of both the source and target languages. It offers
valuable insights into how different languages handle syntax, word order, and
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
90
https://universalpublishings.com
grammatical constructs. Translators must navigate these structures to preserve the
original meaning of the text, while considering the target language’s unique syntax and
semantics.
Cultural Understanding:
Language is deeply tied to culture, and translation helps in
conveying cultural nuances embedded in words, idioms, and expressions. The act of
translation encourages the exploration of cultural differences, making it an essential
tool for cross-cultural communication. It allows people to access foreign literature,
research, and media, thereby promoting cultural exchange.
Meaning and Interpretation:
Translation is not a mere mechanical exercise of
substituting words. It involves interpreting meaning, including figurative and
connotative aspects. A translator must decide how to best convey the tone, mood, and
intended meaning of the source text in a way that resonates with the target audience,
which can be a complex process involving both linguistic and cultural sensitivity.
Language Evolution:
As languages evolve, translation plays a role in shaping and
enriching them. Through translation, new vocabulary, expressions, and grammatical
constructions are introduced into a language. Over time, the influx of foreign terms and
phrases, especially from global languages like English, has significantly influenced
many languages, particularly in fields such as technology, science, and business.
Approaches to Translation
Different translation theories and methods exist, each reflecting the complex nature of
translating text across languages. Two prominent approaches are:
Formal Equivalence (Literal Translation):
This approach focuses on rendering the
exact words, structures, and grammatical elements of the source language into the
target language. The aim is to stay as close as possible to the original text in terms of
both form and content. However, this method may lead to awkward phrasing or
misunderstandings in the target language, especially when idiomatic expressions are
involved.
Dynamic Equivalence (Sense-for-Sense Translation):
This method prioritizes the
meaning and context of the original text over its precise form. The goal is to produce a
translation that feels natural in the target language while maintaining the original
message and tone. This approach is often employed for texts where cultural references
or idiomatic expressions may not have direct counterparts in the target language.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
91
https://universalpublishings.com
Both approaches have their merits and drawbacks, and translators often need to strike
a balance between them, depending on the nature of the text and the context in which
it is used.
Challenges in Translation
Despite its significance, translation poses numerous challenges:
Linguistic Differences:
Each language has its own unique structure, syntax, and
vocabulary. What may be a straightforward phrase in one language may be ambiguous
or untranslatable in another. This requires the translator to find innovative ways to
preserve the meaning without compromising accuracy.
Cultural Nuances:
Certain words, expressions, or cultural references in the source
language may not have an equivalent in the target language. Translators must make
decisions on how to best handle these disparities, whether through adaptation,
explanation, or even omission.
Machine Translation:
The rise of machine translation technologies, such as Google
Translate, has transformed the landscape of translation. While these tools provide quick
and convenient translations, they still struggle with nuances, idioms, and context. As a
result, human translators remain indispensable for high-quality, context-sensitive
translations.
Conclusion
Translation is not just an essential tool for communication but also a fundamental
process in the study of linguistics. It reveals the complexities of language structure, the
interplay of meaning, and the importance of cultural context. As languages continue to
evolve and cultures interact more than ever before, the role of translation in bridging
gaps between different linguistic communities will remain vital. It encourages us to
look beyond words and explore the rich, multifaceted nature of human communication.
Through understanding the theories, practices, and challenges of translation, linguists
can gain deeper insights into language acquisition, semantics, and the dynamics of
cross-cultural interactions.
References:
1.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2021). The Image of the Eastern Ruler in the Works of Christopher
Marlowe.
Central Asian Journal Of Social Sciences And History
,
2
(10), 10-14.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
92
https://universalpublishings.com
2.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2022). The Problem of “A Strong Personality” in
Shakespeare’Dramas: Richard III and Macbeth.
Middle European Scientific Bulletin
,
20
, 7-
10.
3.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2022). Lyrical Dialogue in Shakespeare's Poems as a Reflection of
Renaissance Anthropocentrism and a Strong Personality.
Middle European Scientific
Bulletin
,
21
, 120-125.
4.
Ташева, Н. З. (2022). КРИСТОФЕР МАРЛОУ (ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ):
ТАМЕРЛЕН
ВЕЛИКИЙ
КАК
ТИП
ЛИЧНОСТИ
ВОСТОЧНОГО
ПРАВИТЕЛЯ.
Eurasian Journal of Academic Research
,
2
(2), 234-239.
5.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2022). THE CHARACTER OF STRONG PERSONALITY
ACCORDINGLY WITH EASTERN THEMATICS IN CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE’S
PLAY" TAMBURLAINE THE GREAT".
International Journal Of Literature And
Languages
,
2
(08), 9-14.
6.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2022). STRONG PERSONALITY’S ARTISTIC AND POETIC
REFLECTION IN THE RENAISSANCE EPOCH.
International Journal Of Literature And
Languages
,
2
(11), 43-51.
7.
nafisa Zayniddinovna, T. (2022). Lexico-Semantic Word Production as a Way of Forming
Theater Terminology of the English Language.
American Journal of Social and Humanitarian
Research
,
3
(10), 144-150.
8.
Zayniddinovn, T. N., & Sharofiddinovich, S. S. (2021). General cultural and educational
values of ancient-classic latin language.
Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied
Science
,
2
(5), 77-80.
9.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2023). CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMAGE OF AMIR TEMUR
IN CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE'S DRAMA" TAMERLANE THE GREAT".
International
Journal Of Literature And Languages
,
3
(02), 36-43.
10.
Zayniddinovna, T. N. (2023). CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMAGE OF AMIR TEMUR
IN CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE'S DRAMA" TAMERLANE THE GREAT".
International
Journal Of Literature And Languages
,
3
(02), 36-43.
11.
Tasheva, N. (2023). EXPRESSION OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND SOCIO-SPIRITUAL
PARAMETERS IN THE CREATION OF GREAT HUMAN FIGURES IN ENGLISH
RENAISSANCE DRAMA.
Академические исследования в современной науке
,
2
(21), 50-
57.
12.
Tasheva, N. (2023). LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC FEATURES OF THE TRAGEDY"
TAMERLANEE THE GREAT".
Общественные науки в современном мире:
теоретические и практические исследования
,
2
(8), 11-14.
13.
Tasheva, N. (2023). " TAMERLANE THE GREAT" AS A PHENOMENON OF THE
WORLDVIEW OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM.
Педагогика и психология в
современном мире: теоретические и практические исследования
,
2
(9), 24-27.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
93
https://universalpublishings.com
14.
Tasheva, N. (2023). EXPLORING THE RICH TAPESTRY OF LINGUISTICS: A
COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW.
Science and innovation in the education system
,
2
(11),
51-57.
15.
Tasheva, N. (2023). SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXEMES WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF
THE IDEA OF THE GREAT MAN IN MARLOWE'S DRAMA" TAMERLANE THE
GREAT".
Инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика
,
2
(18),
90-93.
16.
Tasheva, N. (2023). EXPRESSION OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND SOCIO-
EDUCATIONAL PARAMETERS IN THE CREATION OF A GREAT HUMAN FIGURE
IN ENGLISH RENAISSANCE DRAMA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS.
Solution of
social problems in management and economy
,
2
(7), 11-14.
17.
Tasheva, N. (2023). THE ROLE OF CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ENGLISH DURING THE RENAISSANCE.
Models and
methods in modern science
,
2
(7), 14-19.
18.
Tasheva, N. (2023). THE IMAGE OF THE EAST IN THE PLAY" TAMERLANE THE
GREAT" BY K. MARLOWE.
International Bulletin of Applied Science and
Technology
,
3
(3), 113-120.
19.
Tasheva, N. (2023). THE GREAT TAMBURLEN AS THE PSYCHOTYPE OF THE
EASTERN RULER IN THE POETRY OF CHRISTOPHER MARLOW.
Академические
исследования в современной науке
,
2
(4), 52-58.
20.
Tasheva, N. (2022). INDIVIDUALISM OF THE PHENOMENON OF A STRONG
PERSONALITY IN THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE.
Евразийский журнал
академических исследований
,
2
(13), 454-462.
21.
Tasheva, N. (2023). LEXICO-SEMANTIC WORD WORK AS A WAY OF FORMING THE
THEATRICAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Modern Science and
Research
,
2
(10), 75-83.
22.
Tasheva, N. (2023). EXPRESSION OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND SOCIO-SPIRITIVE
PARAMETERS IN THE CREATION OF GREAT HUMAN FIGURES IN ENGLISH
DRAMA DURING THE RENAISSANCE.
Modern Science and Research
,
2
(12), 360–366.
Retrieved from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/26719
23.
Shodiev, S. S., Bakaev, N. B., & Tasheva, N. Z. (2021). STUDYING PHILOSOPHICAL
REALITIES OF THE RENAISSANCE EPOCH, BASED ON THE STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS OF PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTS.
Academic research in educational
sciences
,
2
(8), 28-34.
24.
Tasheva, N. (2024). THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING
ENGLISH. Modern Science and Research, 3(1), 12-18.
25.
Tasheva, N. (2024). ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD.
Журнал
академических исследований нового Узбекистана
,
1
(1), 8-13.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
94
https://universalpublishings.com
26.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). Analysis of Syntactic Figures in the Uzbek
Language.
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education
(2993-2769)
,
1
(10), 475-479.
27.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). Analysis of English Syntactic Figures.
American Journal of
Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
,
1
(9), 162-168.
28.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC FIGURES IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE.
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
,
3
(10), 44-51.
29.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2024). Embracing the Peculiarities: New Pedagogical Technologies in
English Classes.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN NONFORMAL
EDUCATION
,
4
(3), 196-201.
30.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). Christopher Marlowe: Exploring the Genius Behind"
Tamburlaine the Great" and Renaissance Drama in England.
American Journal of
Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769)
,
1
(10), 421-425.
31.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). Syntactic Relations between the Components of the
Compound Syntactic Figures.
American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in
STEM Education (2993-2769)
,
1
(9), 327-332.
32.
Ташева , Н. . (2024). РЕШАЮЩАЯ РОЛЬ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В
МЕДИЦИНЕ. Журнал универсальных научных исследований, 2(4), 393–401.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968736
33.
Tasheva Nafisa Zaynitdinovna. (2023). Analysis of Syntactic Figures in the Uzbek
Language. American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education
(2993-2769), 1(10), 475–479. Retrieved from
http://grnjournal.us/index.php/STEM/article/view/2141
34.
Ташева , Н. . (2023). Лексико-семантические особенности понятия «великий человек»
в драме К. Марло «Тамерлан Великий». Зарубежная лингвистика и лингводидактика,
1(6), 15–21.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol1-iss6-pp15-21
35.
Ташева, Н. З. (2023). ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИХ И
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ДУХОВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ПРИ СОЗДАНИИ ВЕЛИКИХ
ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИХ ФИГУР В АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ДРАМЕ ВО ВРЕМЯ РЕНЕССАНСА.
36.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). Analysis of English Syntactic Figures . American Journal of
Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education (2993-2769), 1(9), 162–168.
Retrieved from
http://grnjournal.us/index.php/STEM/article/view/1380
37.
Ташева, Н. (2023). Истоки нового стиля мышления в английском языке эпохи
возрождения . Современные тенденции при обучении иностранному языку в XXI
веке, 1(1), 291–295. извлечено от
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/trends-language-
38.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2024). An Overview of Lexico-Semantic Peculiarities in English
Language.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN NONFORMAL
EDUCATION
,
4
(9), 56-60.
39.
Ташева, Н. (2023). K. Marloning" Buyuk Temur" dramasidagi “buyuk shaxs” gʻoyasining
leksik-semantik oʻziga xosliklari.
Зарубежная лингвистика и лингводидактика
,
1
(6), 15-
21.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
95
https://universalpublishings.com
40.
Tasheva, N. (2023). LEXICO-SEMANTIC WORD WORK AS A WAY OF FORMING
THE THEATRICAL TERMINOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Modern Science
and Research
,
2
(10), 75-83.
41.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. THE ORIGINS OF A NEW STYLE OF THINKING IN THE
LANGUAGE OF RENAISSANCE ENGLAND.
42.
Zaynitdinovna,
T.
N.
(2018).
PRINCIPLES
AND
FOCUS
OF
LESSON
ANALYSIS.
MODERN SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES AND TRENDS
, 87.
43.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2018). THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING SELF-
CONFIDENCE IN EFL CLASSES.
MODERN SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES AND TRENDS
,
57.
44.
Tasheva, N. (2024). The Influence of the 16th Century on English Linguistics: A Period of
Transformation and Growth.
Medicine, pedagogy and technology: theory and practice
,
2
(9),
33-39.
45.
Zaynitdinovna, T. N. THE ORIGINS OF A NEW STYLE OF THINKING IN THE
LANGUAGE OF RENAISSANCE ENGLAND.
46.
Tasheva Nafisa Zaynitdinovna, . (2025). ENHANCING STUDENTS’ READING AND
WRITING SKILLS: STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES.
Medicine, Pedagogy and
Technology:
Theory
and
Practice
,
3
(2),
96–105.
Retrieved
from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/mpttp/article/view/65859
47.
Tasheva , N. (2024). The Evolution of Modern Linguistics: Key Concepts and
Trends.
Medicine, Pedagogy and Technology: Theory and Practice
,
2
(11), 31–39. Retrieved
from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/mpttp/article/view/59648
48.
Tasheva , N. (2024). THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS: A
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW.
Medicine, Pedagogy and Technology: Theory and
Practice
,
2
(10),
134–144.
Retrieved
from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/mpttp/article/view/59569
49.
Ташева, Н. З. (2023). ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ СЛОВОПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЕ КАК
СПОСОБ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТЕАТРАЛЬНОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА.
50.
Kurban, S., & Zaynitdinovna, T. N. (2023). The Eastern Thematics in the Christopher Marlo’s
Works.
51.
Tasheva , N. ., & Aripova, S. . (2025). MODERN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION:
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES.
Modern Science and
Research
,
4
(2),
820–829.
Retrieved
from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-
52.
Tasheva, N., & Jabborova, D. (2025). ZAMONAVIY FAN VA TA’LIM: INNOVATSION
YONDASHUVLAR VA AMALIY TAJRIBALAR.
Modern Science and Research
,
4
(2),
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/67055
53.
TASHEVA, N. (2023). Lexico-semantic peculiarities of the idea of “great person” in Ch.
Marlowe’s ‘Tamburlaine the Great’.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ:
ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА
Researchbib Impact factor: 13.14/2024
SJIF 2024 = 5.444
Том 3, Выпуск 03, Март
96
https://universalpublishings.com
54.
Хасанова Шахноза Баходировна. (2025). ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ ПРОБЛЕМ
В УПОТРЕБЛЕНИИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ИХ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ.
MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND
PRACTICE, 3(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14914020
55.
Хасанова Шахноза Баходировна. (2025). МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ ВЫРАЖЕНИЙ: ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ,
ПОСЛОВИЦЫ И ПОГОВОРКИ В СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОМ АНАЛИЗЕ
РУССКОГО И УЗБЕКСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ. MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND
TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND PRACTICE, 3(1), 89–103.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14639352
56.
Хасанова Шахноза. (2024). ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМЫ В РАССКАЗАХ А.П.
ЧЕХОВА: ИХ РОЛЬ И ФУНКЦИИ. MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND
TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND PRACTICE, 2(11), 416–426.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14278389
57.
Хасанова , Ш., & Фуркатова , С. (2025). ЖИЗНЬ И НАУЧНО-
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ МИРЗО УЛУГБЕКА. Modern Science
and Research, 4(1), 410–415. Retrieved from
https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/63700
58.
Хасанова Шахноза. (2024). ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМЫ В РАССКАЗАХ А.П. ЧЕХОВА: ИХ
РОЛЬ И ФУНКЦИИ. MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND
PRACTICE, 2(11), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14278389
59.
Хасанова Шахноза. (2024). ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ В
РАССКАЗЕ ЧЕХОВА "ЧЕЛОВЕК В ФУТЛЯРЕ". MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND
TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND PRACTICE, 2(11), 78–87.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14180997
60.
Хасанова, Ш. (2024). УСТОЙЧИВЫЕ СОЧЕТАНИЯ В ПОВЕСТВОВАНИИ: САИД
АХМАД И ТВОРЧЕСКИЙ СТИЛЬ ЧЕХОВА. MEDICINE, PEDAGOGY AND
TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND PRACTICE, 2(10), 348–353.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13996861
61.
Хасанова Шахноза. (2024). ЖЕНСКИЕ ОБРАЗЫ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ АНТОНА
ЧЕХОВА: ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ГЛУБИНА И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ КОНТЕКСТ.
МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА, 2(9), 81–
85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13820171
