ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
2017,
№
4
101
Solving the tasks of ensuring energy security, Japan also implements a whole
range of tasks of its national security in order to continue to play a significant role
in the world political arena and further strengthen its positions in the world.
NAZIROV MUKHTOR
Researcher, TSIOS
The role of the PRC in the stability of socio-political
processes in the states of Central Asia
Abstract.
This article is devoted to some features of the foreign policy of the People’s
Republic of China on ensuring the stability of social and political processes in the states
of Central Asia and promoting economic prosperity of the region. In particular, the
essence of the Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at the consistent development of construc-
tive, good-neighborly relations between China and the Central Asian states, as well as
raising them to a new level by increasing the region’s potential, is revealed.
Keywords and expressions:
Central Asia, security, development, stability, good-
neighborhood, promotion of prosperity, the Belt and Road Initiative
Аннотация
.
Мазкур
мақолада
Марказий
Осиё
давлатларида
ижтимоий
-
сиёсий
жараёнлар
барқарорлигини
таъминлаш
ва
минтақанинг
иқтисодий
фаровонлигига
кўмаклашиш
бўйича
Хитой
Халқ
Республикаси
ташқи
сиёсатининг
айрим
хусу
-
сиятлари
таҳлил
қилинади
.
Хусусан
,
Хитой
ва
Марказий
Осиё
давлатлари
ўртаси
-
даги
конструктив
,
яхши
қўшничилик
муносабатларини
изчил
ривожлантиришга
ҳамда
минтақанинг
салоҳиятини
ошириш
орқали
алоқаларни
янги
даражага
кўта
-
ришга
қаратилган
“
Бир
макон
–
ягона
йўл
”
ташаббусининг
моҳияти
очиб
берилди
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
Марказий
Осиё
,
хавфсизлик
,
тараққиёт
,
барқарорлик
,
яхши
қўшничилик
,
фаровонликни
кўллаб
-
қувватлаш
, “
Бир
макон
–
бир
йўл
”
ташаббуси
.
Аннотация
.
В
данной
статье
рассматриваются
некоторые
особенности
внешней
политики
Китайской
Народной
Республики
по
обеспечению
стабильности
социально
-
политических
процессов
в
государствах
Центральной
Азии
и
содействию
экономичес
-
кого
процветания
государств
региона
.
В
частности
,
раскрыта
суть
инициативы
«
Один
пояс
–
один
путь
»,
направленной
на
последовательное
развитие
конструктивных
,
доб
-
рососедских
взаимоотношений
между
Китаем
и
государствами
Центральной
Азии
,
а
также
выведение
их
на
новый
уровень
за
счет
повышения
потенциала
региона
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
Центральная
Азия
,
безопасность
,
развитие
,
ста
-
бильность
,
добрососедство
,
содействие
процветанию
,
инициатива
«
Один
пояс
–
один
путь
».
At the end of the 20
th
century, five new independent states were formed in
Central Asia. For many reasons, China was interested in creating mechanisms for
constructive interaction with the states of the region. The first necessary condition
for this was the formation of conditions for maintaining a strategic balance of for-
ces in the region, ensuring social and political stability and security, preventing
the emergence of real and potential threats to China.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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2017,
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In particular, as President of Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev underlined,
“Confidently and dynamically developing, having great authority and influence in the
world, China has become a close and reliable partner for Uzbekistan, with whom we
have strong traditions of strong friendship, mutual understanding and respect”
1
.
In the first half of the 1990s, China’s policy in Central Asia, being in the process of
establishing a foreign policy line for the countries of the region, was very careful and
moderate. As the borders with the neighboring countries of the region were unsettled,
and the destabilization of the political situation carried a potential threat to the political
stability and economic development of the north-western territory of China.
As the Chinese researcher Xing Guangcheng noted, the basic principles of China’s
foreign policy towards Central Asia were formulated only in 1994. The Chinese resear-
cher summarizes them as maintaining friendly neighborly relations and peaceful
coexistence, developing mutually beneficial cooperation and promoting common
prosperity, respecting the choice of each state and non-interference in the internal af-
fairs of other countries, respect for sovereignty, promoting regional stability
2
.
In order to ensure stability in the neighboring states of Central Asia, it was
first of all necessary to settle border issues, on which the PRC concentrated its
efforts after establishing diplomatic relations with these countries.
It should be noted, that in order to maintain peaceful relations on the border in
April 1996, China initiated the establishment of the “Shanghai Five” group, which
unites China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Therefore, the issu-
es of the border between China and Kazakhstan were finally settled in 1998,
between China and Kyrgyzstan in 1999, China and Tajikistan in 2002
3
.
In addition, after the “Shanghai Five” group was transformed into the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization in 2001, China and the Central Asian states signed a num-
ber of documents to strengthen cooperation against the “three evils”
–
separatism,
terrorism and extremism. In particular, in 2002, China signed such an agreement with
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, in 2003
–
with Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
4
.
As the Kazakh scientist K. Syroezhkin emphasizes, the Central Asian strategy
of Beijing is aimed at actively participating in solving the problems of Central
Asia, developing the relations with the countries of the region, promoting to their
stability and prosperity, relying on the SCO
5
.
Strengthening the political and legal framework for good-neighborly relations
was a necessary condition and basis for further increasing bilateral cooperation
1
Мирзиёев
Ш
.
М
.
Его
Превосходительству
господину
Си
Цзиньпину
,
Председателю
Китайской
Народной
Республики
. 02.01.2017 // http://president.uz/ru/lists/view/172
2
Син
Гуанчэн
.
Отношения
Китая
с
государствами
Центральной
Азии
(
на
кит
.
яз
.). // Hokudai. http://src-
h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/85/9CA-Chinese.pdf.
3
Мукимджанова
Р
.
Страны
Центральной
Азии
:
азиатский
вектор
внешней
политики
. –
М
.:
Науч
.
книга
, 2005. –
С
. 141.
4
См
.
Нормативные
документы
.
Правовое
обеспечение
противодействия
экстремизму
в
ШОС
//
Регио
-
нальная
антитеррористическая
структура
Шанхайской
организации
сотрудничества
(
РАТС
ШОС
).
http://ecrats.org/upload/iblock/9d9/7.pdf
5
См
.
Сыроежкин
К
.
Л
.
Казахстан
–
Китай
:
от
приграничной
торговли
к
стратегическому
партнерству
:
монография
.
В
трех
книгах
.
Кн
. 1.
В
начале
пути
. –
Алматы
:
КИСИ
при
Президенте
РК
, 2010. – C. 336.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
2017,
№
4
103
between China and the states of Central Asia. In this connection, treaties on good-
neighborliness, friendship and cooperation were signed in 2002 with Kazakhstan
and Kyrgyzstan, in 2007
–
with Tajikistan.
As a result, China has had the opportunity to concentrate on developing trade and
economic cooperation. China has for this purpose both opportunities and motivations,
including: the economic strength that is growing year by year, the stability of the
foreign policy line, the growing demand for energy resources and the need for their
land transit, the need for markets for their industrial products and etc.
As noted by researchers V. Paramonov, A. Strokov, O. Stolpovsky, since 2002
China has gradually focused to intensive expansion of trade-economic, project-
investment, financial cooperation and active participation in key sectors of the
region’s economy. According to researchers, the trade turnover between the PRC
and the countries of Central Asia, which in 1996 amounted to 674 million US
dollars, by 2000 increased to 1.041 billion US dollars. During the period 2001
–
2007, trade turnover increased by about 11 times, amounting to about 16 billion
US dollars
1
. In 2015, the trade turnover between China and the five countries of
Central Asia in general reached about 50 billion US dollars
2
.
The first decade of the 21
st
century in the relations between China and the
countries of Central Asia is characterized by rapid growth in turnover and the
beginning of the practical implementation of the largest, strategically important
joint projects in the energy sector.
The famous American scholar for Central Asia, M.Olcott notes in this con-
nection, that it was China that turned the goals of the Central Asian states into a
diversification of markets into reality. Beijing financed the construction of a gas
pipeline system on the territory of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
3
.
In September 2013, the Chinese leadership announced a new program to
further intensify China’s foreign economic activities in Eurasia under the name of
the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” (or the “Belt and Road” Initiative). In the
Chinese expert interpretation, this project is an attempt to connect the Central,
East, South and West Asia with various ties of economic cooperation
4
.
A special place in this project is given to the states of Central Asia. The plan-
ned North and South routes make Central Asian countries a beneficiary of 890
billion US dollars in total investments, which will go to the development of the
road transport system, water supply and much more
5
.
1
Парамонов
В
.
В
.,
Строков
А
.
В
.,
Столповский
О
.
А
.
Россия
и
Китай
в
Центральной
Азии
:
политика
,
экономика
,
безопасность
. –
Бишкек
, 2008. –
С
. 52, 58.
2
Гуй
Цунъю
.
В
одной
лодке
//
Российская
газета
. 18.03.2016. https://rg.ru/2016/03/18/kitaj-zaplaniroval-
obmen-nauchnymi-kadrami-so-stranami-centralnoj-azii.html
3
Олкотт
М
.
Б
.
Китайский
сценарий
для
Центральной
Азии
. //
Московский
Центр
Карнеги
. 23.09.2013.
http://carnegie.ru/publications/?fa=53080
4
Голишников
О
.
Центральная
Азия
на
прицеле
Китая
:
последствия
для
России
. // 06.06.2014.
http://www.globalaffairs.ru/studconf/Tcentralnaya-Aziya-na-pritcele-Kitaya-posledstviya-dlya-Rossii-16693
5
См
.
Cover Story – Central Asia: Partnership for Growth // South China Morning Post. 9
th
may, 2017.
http://www.scmp.com/presented/business/topics/hkust-biz-school-magazine/article/2093623/cover-story-
central-asia
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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2017,
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At the same time, in accordance with the project, China intends to strengthen
its economic presence in the region in the following areas:
−
Promoting regional economic integration;
−
Acceleration of the construction of a unified transport network, which would
include a through transport route from the Pacific to the Baltic Sea and routes
connecting east, west and south Asia;
−
Increasing the volume of trade and investment cooperation;
−
Reduction and elimination of trade barriers, reduction of costs, simplifica-
tion of bureaucratic procedures;
−
Increasing the share of mutual settlements in national currencies;
−
The expansion of “people’s ties” with the aim “to strengthen regional coope-
ration with a strong social and public base”
1
.
In this way, with the launch of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, the PRC’s role
in the economic transformations in the Central Asian states is likely to be at the
expense of increasing the project and investment activity
2
.
In this regard, it should be specially noted, that in recent years, in the states of
the region, China has been implementing projects mainly in the energy and trans-
port-infrastructure spheres, in the field of communications.
Among the examples of successful implementation of large investment pro-
jects in Uzbekistan are the Central Asia-China gas pipeline, the Angren-Pap elec-
trified railway, as well as production facilities located in the industrial zones of
Navoi, Djizak and Angren. In particular, the telecommunication companies Hua-
wei and ZTE opened assembly plants in Uzbekistan.
In 2016, with the assistance of Chinese partners, the longest railway tunnel in
the region (19.2 km) was constructed on the Kamchik pass, which allowed to
connect the main part of Uzbekistan with the Fergana valley by rail and became a
new node of the transport corridor between China and Central Asia.
During the state visit of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyo-
yev to China on May 11
–
13, 2017, 105 bilateral documents worth about 23 billion US
dollars were signed
3
. They imply a significant increasing of interaction between the two
countries in such areas as energy, oil refining, modernization of power plants, in agri-
culture, petrochemistry, transport communications and others.
In Kazakhstan in the energy sector, enterprises in China and Kazakhstan are jointly
developing oil, gas, uranium and other resources. A China-Kazakhstan oil pipeline with
a capacity of 20 million tons per year and a gas chemical complex have been built. Also
Atyrau and Shymkent refineries were reconstructed and modernized.
In Turkmenistan, China replaced Russia’s energy giant company Gazprom as the
main gas buyer (61% of exports from the country were sent to China in 2014). This was
largely due to the opening of the Central Asia-China gas pipeline in 2009.
1
Ларин
А
.,
Матвеев
В
.
Китайская
стратегия
«
продвижения
на
Запад
»
и
«
новый
Шелковый
путь
» //
Проблемы
Дальнего
Востока
, 2014,
№
5. –
С
. 8.
2
Васильев
Л
.
Е
.
О
современном
состоянии
политического
и
экономического
сотрудничества
Китая
с
государствами
Центральной
Азии
//
Китай
в
мировой
и
региональной
политике
.
История
и
современ
-
ность
, 2016,
№
21.
Т
. 21. –
С
. 176.
3
См
.
Визит
Мирзиёева
в
Китай
:
подписано
105
соглашений
на
сумму
$23
млрд
. // http://podrob-
no.uz/cat/politic/vizit-mirziyeeva-v-kitay-podpisano-105-soglasheniy-na-summu-23-mlrd. 14
Мая
2017.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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2017,
№
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105
The Chinese side in Kyrgyzstan is actively involved in the implementation of
the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway project, and in cross-border trade.
With the help of Chinese capital in Tajikistan, Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan and
China-Tajikistan roads have been built, and projects of medium-capacity hydro
power plants and the construction of a thermal power station-2 in Dushanbe are
being developed. In addition, Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE established
partnerships with local operators and became the main suppliers of equipment and
services in the communications sector in Tajikistan.
In general, the growth of China’s role in Central Asia is one of the most large-
scale trends in regional politics. In the modern stage, the “Belt and Road”
Initiative remains the main engine of China’s actions in the region, thanks to
which there is an increase in the activity of constructive interaction between the
PRC and the states of Central Asia.
Further progressive and dynamic development of mutually beneficial, good-
neighborly relations between the PRC and the states of Central Asia will serve not
only to maintain stability in the border areas, but also contributes to the long-term
stability and further prosperity of the states of the region.
In the long term, the “Belt and Road” Initiative will bring the Central Asian
countries to a new level of development by increasing the region’s potential.
MADAMINOVA DURDONA
PhD, TSIOS
Factors affecting the development of migration flows and
measures taken by European countries to address the problem
Abstract.
This article is dedicated to one of the urgent problems of our time as the
migration to the example of the countries of Africa and the Middle East. Actuality is
characterized by the fact that in spite of the measures taken in recent years, the number
of migrants is increasing on a large scale and become unmanageable process. This is
facilitated by a number of factors, which are discussed in detail in the article.
Keywords and expressions:
migration, crisis, labor migration, refugees, trafficking,
unemployment, terrorism and security.
Аннотация
.
Ушбу
мақола
ҳозирги
куннинг
долзарб
муаммоларидан
бири
саналган
миграция
муаммосига
бағишланган
бўлиб
,
мавжуд
муаммо
Африка
ва
Яқин
Шарқ
дав
-
латлари
мисолида
ўрганилган
.
Сўнгги
йилларда
амалга
оширилган
чора
-
тадбирларга
қарамай
,
муҳожирлар
сони
кўнг
кўламда
ортиб
боргани
ҳолда
,
бошқариб
бўлмас
жа
-
раёнга
айланиб
бораётгани
,
муаммонинг
долзарблигини
белгилаб
бермоқда
.
Бунга
са
-
баб
бўлаётган
бир
қатор
омиллар
мақолада
муҳокама
этилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
миграция
,
инқироз
,
меҳнат
миграцияси
,
қочоқлар
,
одам
савдоси
,
ишсизлик
,
терроризм
ва
хавфсизлик
.
