SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
№
2
26
KAMBAROVA MUKHAYYO
Teacher, TACEI
Comparative translation of attributal words in teaching
complecated architectural terms in foreign language lessons
Abstract:
The comparative translation of the most commonly used words in the
architectural text is been described in this article. The article also clarifies specific examples
of Arabic, Persian and Latin languages, which are based on the original phase of the
English-language complex technical glossary, which relates to the ancient architectural
monuments of the Oriental culture and which have remained unchanged for many years.
Keywords and expression:
terms, terminology, Arabic and Persian attributes, non-
equivalent vocabulary, field, specialized, architecture and construction, peshtok, ravak.
Аннотация
:
Мақолада
архитектура
соҳасига
оид
матнлардаги
энг
кўп
ишла
-
тиладиган
сўзларнинг
қиёсий
таржимаси
таърифланади
.
Шунингдек
,
бугунги
инглиз
тилидаги
мураккаб
техник
луғатнинг
асл
шаклланиш
босқичи
,
Шарқ
мада
-
ниятининг
қадимий
меъморчилик
обидаларига
тааллуқли
бўлган
ва
асрлар
давомида
ўзгармас
ҳолда
ишлатилаётган
араб
,
форс
ва
лотин
тилларидаги
ўзлаш
-
ма
сўзларнинг
аниқ
мисоллари
ҳам
келтирилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
термин
,
терминология
,
арабча
ва
форсча
ўзлашмалар
,
муқобилсиз
лексика
,
соҳа
,
ихтисослашган
,
архитектура
ва
қурилиш
,
пештоқ
,
равоқ
.
Аннотация
:
В
данной
статье
исследованы
архитектурные
термины
,
их
формирование
,
заимствования
из
арабского
,
персидского
и
латинского
языков
,
относящиеся
к
древним
архитектурным
достопримечательностям
восточной
культуры
,
а
также
проблемы
их
перевода
.
Ключевые
слова
и
выражения
:
термин
,
терминология
,
арабские
и
персидские
заимствования
,
неальтернативная
лексика
,
сфера
,
специализированный
,
архитек
-
тура
и
строительство
,
портал
,
арка
.
Learning technical vocabulary has some difficulty. The rating scale used in this
research distinguishes two kinds of technical words – those that may occur in general
non-specialised usage, and those that are largely unique to a particular specialised
field. These two kinds of technical words pose different kinds of problems for
learners in recognising that a word is a technical word, and in learning technical
words. The most obvious technical words are those which have Greek or Latin based
forms and which do not occur outside of the specialised area
1
.
Modern architectural terminology has been derived from Greek, Egyptian and has
roots from Latin language. However, it is difficult for one to understand the meaning
of those words at once. Because of the industrial development, all the nations
including Egypt, China, India and Arabic countries used their own up-to-date
terminologies that are formed according to language, religion and culture, which is
quite obvious. For instance, “Arka” is – “Ravoq” in Arabic language but the meaning
1
Anglin J. M. (1993). Vocabulary development: A morphological analysis. Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development Serial No. 238, Vol. 58, No 10.
SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
№
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27
of this word and its usage in the building is the same. The Egyptian architecture is
based on its great historical significance and dates back thousands of years. This is
what we see in see in the Egyptian pyramids, which have been built in Egypt, which
has been stagnant in the word community. The history in Egypt can be found in its
richness, its scientific views and the books that have come to our mind. There are also
some architectural terms in the Egyptian architecture. These are important in
revealing in essence of the architecture of Egypt.
A mastaba, meaning “house of eternity” or “eternal house” in ancient
Egyptian, is a flat-roofed, rectangular tomb with outward sloping sides that is
constructed with mud-bricks.
Hypostyle halls are interior spaces in which roof rests on pillars or columns.
The word hypostyle means “under pillars” and the design allows for the
construction of large space – such as in temples, palaces, or public buildings-
without the need for arches
1
.
Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply
classified by period or region. However, this has created a highly diverse and
electric range in architectural designs. Italy is known for its considerable
architectural achievements, such as the construction of arches, domes and similar
structure during ancient Rome.
Buttress – a projecting mass of masonry serving provide additional strength
for the wall.
Moreover, the architecture of china is as old as Chinese civilization. For
example, the siheyuan (literally meaning four – sided courtyard) was the basic
housing unit of Old Beijing. Chinese architecture also has a great deal of historic
significance with its many scientific sources, books and terms. These resources,
books and terms play an important role to create architectural vocabulary.
As well as Uzbekistan has also great heritage about architectural monuments
and their specific terminologies. The history of Uzbek architecture dates back to
millennia. An example of this is the preservation of historical monuments of
Bukhara, Khorezm, Kashkadarya and Samarkand regions. The fact that the
architectural monuments in Bukhara are about 2500 years old means that the
architecture of the country and the high building quality.
Oriental culture has always shown its uniqueness. The eastern style of today's
architectural monuments has led to the evolutionary development of words.
Moreover, the original meaning of the words in the Arabic and Persian languages
has not changed over the years.
These architectural monuments have been used in the construction of unique
architectural monuments that are distinguished from other architectures by Uzbek
architecture. The monuments are mainly used in national traditions, and we can see
patterns, Arabic inscriptions, verses, and examples. Because, Islamic culture has been
reflected in all the fields in our country and at the same time in our architecture.
1
Baker M. (1988). Sub-technical vocabulary and the ESP teacher: An analysis of some rhetorical
items. Reading in a Foreign Language, 4(2), 91-105.
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/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
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Qanos-Blood (chest)
– architectural part; The tumor on the top of the roof. The
wing is limited to the upper horizontal, vertical and lower curve lines (linga). The
bricks are tilted in the radial direction while horizontally in the groove area.
Drawing attention to the style of grooming is an emphasis on architectural
writing. In the 9th-12th centuries, the upper corners of the flank, mostly curly-
shaped, have been the method of separating the ends of the neck with a specific
node. The Samonids Mausoleum also features small square squares that have a
dynamic square angle of 45 degrees.
It is noteworthy that in the East, words that refer to the concept of building are
preserved in Persian.
Nowadays manufacturing of modern raw materials in developed countries in the
field of architecture and building premises is becoming one of the reasons of
apparition of new terminologies. It must be emphasized that country that is producing
new or modern raw materials is tend to name new good in their own language.
Although this product is used for the same purpose, as it’s mentioned above, different
cultures and nations are likely to change reform it in order to make it easy use and
pronounce. If we take in to consideration new innovative technologies, new
architectural terminologies are not difficult to gather and make one.
Whenever a word is met and it is used in a way which is different from
previously met uses, it is worth while for the teacher to draw attention to the way
that this particular use relates to other uses of the word. Where technical terms are
extensions of words in general use, it is useful for learners to see how the
technical sense of the words relates to the core meaning of the word.
The core meaning in this example is the second item in the entry and can be
found in all the other senses listed. There are other activities which encourage
learners to relate senses of words to each other (Visser, 1989). The value of seeing
how particular uses relate to a core meaning is that it makes later meetings with
the word easier to understand, and brings under one concept items that may be
represented by different concepts in the first language.
It is also useful to note if the technical use of the word involves a collocation
or a grammatical form that differs from its other uses. Most technical vocabulary
needs to be learned productively by learners specializing in that area and learning
common collocations and grammatical patterns helps this.
Words which are based on Greek or Latin roots should be analyzed where
possible and the meanings of the word parts should be related to the meaning of
the word. This can be done by the teacher, but it is also a strategy that learners can
work on
1
. In the anatomy text there are affixes which are useful in anatomy and
these are worth learning.
There are two major problems for teachers in helping learners deal with
technical vocabulary. Firstly, the English teacher does not usually have specialist
1
Anglin J.M. (1993). Vocabulary development: A morphological analysis. Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development Serial No. 238, Vol. 58, No 10.
SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
№
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29
knowledge of the learners' technical areas. Secondly, technical vocabulary needs
to be worked on while getting on top of the specialized field. However, in spite of
these limitations, teachers can play a small but useful role in preparing learners for
coping with technical vocabulary. This can be done by helping learners gain the
more general skills of recognizing technical words, interpreting definitions,
relating senses to a core meaning, and learning word parts. Teachers can provide
learners with the tools for dealing with technical words. In this way teachers need
not get involved in trying to teach in a technical area, but can direct their attention
to vocabulary strategies.
The ways in which these muted terms can be entrusted to the trainees are
diverse, and we must use the method of inducement to influence students so that
each method can influence each student show. Therefore, we can maintain a well-
known method based on students' abilities. By following the suggestions below,
we can test how we can apply terms to the lesson process and how we can affect
student learning.
1.
Improve the ability of architectural terminology to know which word is
derived from it, and to remember that word and the pair of words accompanying
the term, and the ability to apply in more practical ways. By correctly completing
the filling process.
For example: Altar is the Latin word "altaria", the basis of which is the altus,
the upper part of the building facing the building, a special part of the building
used for sacrifices in ancient Greece and Rome.
In this example, the student understands the essence of the word, and can
understand the function it will perform.
The word "building", as well as the word "church," is used to describe it as
"altar of building" or "altar of church".
2.
Each student's imaginary approach to imagining, through the simulation of
this word, to remember this term for a moment or something a student likes.
For example: Arkology (ecological architecture) is a part of this architecture
and is a process of building objects with preservation of wildlife.
In order to keep this word in mind, we can divide it into two parts: Arko and
logy, Arco word "
Ո
" form, and logic word "logika" by combining them and
creating a sense of "logic-shaped ark" so that it keeps the word in our mind.
3.
Mutualized terms can be easily overlooked because they are not common in
everyday conversations. In order to avoid this, we must encourage students to
create their own terminology scripts. That is, they have to look for 10 terms in
each lesson, referring to their own vocabulary, by submitting a brief essay or
statement with these terms as homework. This is because we can get more results
if we ignore the readiness of the readers, because they will spend more time each
time a search term is placed on the wall, the result.
4.
If the process of formal protection of the essay or the abovementioned
statement is in the foregoing, then we can achieve the ability of students to use the
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ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ
/ ORIENTAL STUDIES 2018,
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architectural terms freely during their initial commentary. We know that human
consciousness is well-maintained in frequently repeated or in practice practice.
We can also keep them in mind by working more on these terms.
5.
Implementing students' interest in the use of these terms. To do that, we
need to create a learning technology that can appeal to each student. For example,
we can take a description of a model or poster project for the students using the
same architectural terms. It is possible to keep a note of about 78% to 85%,
because of the fact that only 45% of people are listening only by hearing, hearing,
holding, and practically seeing them.
ЎКТАМОВА
ҲИЛОЛАХОН
Тадқиқотчи
,
ТошДШИ
ХХ
асрда
яратилган
дарий
тили
грамматикасига
оид
асарларда
исмий
сўз
туркумлари
таҳлили
Аннотация
.
Мақолада
афғон
олимларининг
грамматик
асарларида
исмий
сўз
туркумлари
таснифи
,
олимларнинг
назарий
қарашларидаги
ўзаро
тафовутлар
ҳамда
қиёсий
таҳлил
ёритилган
.
Таҳлил
учта
грамматик
асар
асосида
олиб
борилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
исмий
сўз
туркумлари
,
от
,
сифат
,
сон
,
олмош
.
Аннотация
.
В
данной
статье
описывается
классификация
именных
частей
речи
в
грамматических
работах
афганских
ученых
,
различия
теоретических
взглядов
ученых
и
их
сравнительный
анализ
,
проведенный
на
основе
трех
грамматических
книг
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
именные
части
речи
,
имя
существительное
,
имя
прилагательное
,
имя
числительное
,
местоимение
.
Abstract.
This article describes the classification of the nouns in the grammatical works
of Afghan scholars, the differences between theoretical views of scientists and their
comparative analysis, based on three grammatical books.
Keywords and expressions:
nominal parts of speech, noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun.
Маълумки
,
дарий
тилшунослиги
ХХ
асрнинг
60-
йилларигача
форс
тилшунослиги
таркибида
ривожланди
. 1969
йилдан
бошлаб
дарий
тили
бўйича
бир
қатор
илмий
нашрлар
дарий
тилшунослиги
алоҳида
мустақил
йўналиш
эканлигини
кўрсатди
.
Шундан
сўнг
форс
ва
дарий
тилшунослигидаги
мавжуд
тафовутлар
алоҳида
тадқиқотларни
талаб
қилиши
маълум
бўлди
.
Мақолада
дарий
тилидаги
мавжуд
исмий
сўз
туркумлари
афғон
(
дарий
-
забон
)
тилшунослари
асарларида
қандай
ёритилганлиги
,
уларнинг
фикрлари
орасидаги
ўхшашлик
ва
фарқлар
ҳақида
фикр
юритилади
.
Таҳлил
ХХ
асрда
яратилган
учта
китоб
:
Муҳаммад
Насим
Негҳат
Саидийнинг
رﻮﺘﺳد
نﺎﺑز
ﺮﺹﺎﻌﻣ
ﯼرد
Dastur-e zabân-e mo’âser-e dari
(“
Дарий
тилининг
замонавий
грамматикаси
”) (
Кобул
, 1969,
қайта
нашри
Кобул
, 2013), M
уҳаммад
Раҳим
Илҳомнинг
ز
رﻮﺘﺳد
ﺑ
ﯼرد
نﺎ
Dastur-e zabân-e dari
(“
Дарий
тили
грамма
-
