“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-83, Issue-1, June -2025
206
KIDNEY
Samarkand State Medical Institute
"The Direction of Surgery"
1st Clinical Internship-Students Stage
Toshmamatov Muslimbek Farxod og'li
Jamonqulov Saidjon Qaxramonovich
Samarqand, O’zbekiston
Annotation:
The anatomical, histological and physiological structure and
functions of the kidney. The largest functions in human life. Important role of the
kidneys in the urinary system. Perfect and excellent methods of excretion of the latest
products of metabolism by the kidneys. Research by scientists to achieve the highest
results today. Artificial kidney formation and information about it. The most common
diseases of the kidneys. The most common states of kidney disease and the rates of
deaths from certain kidney diseases per year. Medical products in the treatment of
kidney disease.
Keywords:
Kidney, chronic, disease, nephron.
Introduction:
The kidney is the most important organ in the div that secretes
the toxic, end products of the metabolism of metabolic drugs. Excess fluid in the human
div is also caused by these relentless organs. The kidneys are found in humans and
vertebrates and are shaped like beans. They have a dark red color and are very rich in
small blood vessels. They are located on both sides of the spine in the human div.
When the upper ends of the kidneys are close together, their lower parts move away
from each other. The fact that the right kidney is lower than the left kidney is explained
by the location of one of the largest glands in the human div, the liver. If we pay
attention to the area where the 12th rib crosses the kidneys, we can see that the left
kidney passes through the middle of the posterior surface and the upper end of the right
kidney. The location of the kidneys in these cases does not affect their function at all.
It is not completely surrounded by the peritoneum, only the anterior surface is
surrounded by the peritoneum. In adults, it is 5-6 cm wide, 11-12 cm tall and weighs
150-200 g. The kidneys are 4 cm thick and have a flat shore on both sides. The posterior
surface of the kidneys touches the diaphragm, the quadriceps muscle, the transverse
abdominal muscle, and the large lumbar muscle. In the upper part of both kidneys,
there are adrenal glands attached to the kidneys. When the kidneys are cut crosswise,
we can see that they are made up of two parts, the nucleus and the cortex.
Kidney cortex:
It is reddish in color and forms not only the outer part of the
kidney but also the nucleus accumbens. The peculiarity of the cortical part of the kidney
is that it consists of alternating light and dark parts. The light part is the beginning part
of the straight tubes starting from the candle-shaped part of the kidney, which seems
to spread in the same way. also known as a light emitter with such a feature.The darker
part is called the renal corpuscles and torsion.
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-83, Issue-1, June -2025
207
The central part of the kidney: 10-15 kidneys, consisting of pyramids, the base of
the pyramids facing the cortex, and the tip facing the renal cavity. The pyramids of the
kidneys are formed by the straight and collapsible tubes of the nephron, which gather
together to form the suction tubes. They are 15-20 in number and have a short shape.
After firing, the suction-shaped holes are formed. Due to these holes, squamous holes
are formed, and this area is called the squamous area. The formation of urine begins
with these nephrons. part of it is absorbed and primary urine is formed. Only 1-1.5%
of the primary urine can be excreted as secondary urine.
Anyone who knows that the kidneys have very important functions for the div
is naturally surprised.
Kidney functions:
1. Bear or excitatory function.
2. Maintain water balance.
3. Maintain the osmotic pressure stability of internal media fluids.
4. Ensuring ionic stability of internal media fluids.
5. Acid - maintaining the balance of the base.
6. Production of physiologically active modes.
7. Participate in blood pressure management.
8. Participation in erythropoiesis.
9. Participation in hemostasis.
10. Participate in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
11. The function of protection.
All of the above functions, together with other organs, are processes aimed at
maintaining the normal functioning of the organism.
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-83, Issue-1, June -2025
208
General view of the kidneys
Globally, kidney disease accounts for 10 to 11% of the world's population,
indicating that one in 10 people suffers from kidney disease.
A number of methods have been devised to monitor kidney activity, which are
considered important in the diagnosis of kidney disease.
These methods are divided into two groups, clinical and experimental methods.
These methods, in turn, can be divided into several parts. The experimental method, in
turn, includes acute and chronic methods. The acute method is widely used. It is not
used because there are more shortcomings in this method. This method of anesthesia
is not currently widely used because it is based on the inhibition of the central nervous
system. The method of chronic experiments was first used by IP Pavlov. His
experiment was to insert a fitsula into the bladder. His student, L.A. Orbeli, later based
it on suturing each urinary tract to the abdominal wall. The convenience of this
experiment was that the function of each kidney could be checked in the same way.
We can see that this experiment can be done with one kidney. In this case, the function
of the remaining excretory organs increases, while the function of the kidneys
decreases. The most important of these are micropuncture and microperfusion.
Chronic glomerulonephritis:
Kidney damage and blood vessels are caused by
canal damage. There are several types of glomerulonephritis: acute
glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and symptoms of them; nausea,
vomiting, and fever (38.5-40 С ), the patient always has severe back pain, swelling in
certain parts of the div, subcutaneous fat, and sebaceous glands. In lymph nodes,
sometimes more than 1.5-2L of fluid is collected from the div. The swelling (in
front of the pumpkin, around the toes) can develop without the swelling in the div.
The cause of this disease is bacteria and viruses. Viruses: - Hepatides, herpes,
measles, adenoviruses. Streptococcus from bacteria. It is most common among men
aged 25-45. These patients are advised of the Diet Table №=7
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