Pedagogs

Abstract: This article provides information about the biography of one of the last Bukhara Mang'it emirs, Emir Abdulahadkhan, his accession to the Bukhara throne and the political and social situation of the emirate during his reign, his travels, and his relations with the Russian emperors.

Аннотация: Современные методы искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) значительно расширяют возможности математического моделирования в науке, технике и экономике. Эта статья посвящена основным подходам применения ИИ в задачах моделирования, таким как нейронные сети, генетические алгоритмы и методы машинного обучения. Рассматриваются преимущества, ограничения и перспективы использования ИИ в построении и оптимизации математических моделей.

  Ushbu maqola ona timsolining hayotdagi o‘rni, uning fidoyiligi, mehribonligi va o‘z farzandiga bo‘lgan sof muhabbatini yoritadi. Matnda onaning o‘z manfaatini unutib, farzandi uchun barcha narsadan kechishga tayyorligi amaliy hayotiy misollar orqali tasvirlangan. Shuningdek, tarixdagi ayollarning jasoratlari haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan,“Onani yaratmasin ekan” iborasining chuqur ma’nosi yillar osha insonning hayotiy tajribasi bilan ochib beriladi.

This article examines the effects of global trade wars on regional economic integration processes. It explores how escalating tariff barriers, trade sanctions, and protectionist policies disrupt established trade flows and cooperation among neighboring countries. The study analyzes the short- and long-term consequences of trade conflicts on regional supply chains, investment flows, and policy harmonization efforts. Particular attention is given to key regions experiencing intensified trade tensions, highlighting how these conflicts challenge integration initiatives such as free trade agreements and customs unions. Using a combination of empirical data and case studies, the research proposes strategies for mitigating negative impacts and strengthening regional economic resilience through diversified partnerships, regulatory coordination, and enhanced intra-regional trade facilitation.

This article examines the critical role of social policy in promoting and maintaining economic stability. It explores how government interventions in areas such as healthcare, education, social security, and income redistribution contribute to reducing inequality, enhancing human capital, and fostering social cohesion. The study analyzes the interplay between social expenditures and macroeconomic indicators, emphasizing the importance of balanced social spending to sustain growth without triggering fiscal imbalances. Using a combination of empirical data and case studies, the paper highlights best practices and policy challenges faced by developing and developed economies. Recommendations are provided for designing inclusive social policies that support economic resilience and long-term stability.

Annotation: The article presents information on the composition of the phytonematode fauna found in pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) and parasitic species. 18 species of phytonematodes have been identified in pot marigolds and all species have been reported to occur in pre-root soils. Parasitic phytonematode species Aphelenchus avenae, A. cylindricaudatus, A. solani, Aphelenchoides limberi, Meloidogyne sp., Ditylenchus dipsaci were observed.

Annotatsiya: Boshlang‘ich ta'lim bosqichi bolalarning o‘qish, yozish va hisoblash ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda muhim poydevor hisoblanadi. Shu bosqichda dars jarayonini qiziqarli, mazmunli va samarali tashkil etish uchun interaktiv ta'lim metodlari muhim ahamiyatga ega. Interaktiv metodlar o‘quvchilarni faollashtirish, ijodiy fikrlash va mustaqil ishlash ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishga xizmat qiladi. Ularning asosiy maqsadi o‘quvchilarni passiv qabul qiluvchidan faol ishtirokchiga aylantirishdir. Interaktiv usullar darsni o‘yin, muhokama, guruh ishlari, loyihalar va texnologiyalardan foydalanish orqali boyitadi. Bu metodlarning qo‘llanilishi darsning samaradorligini oshirib, o‘quvchilarning motivatsiyasini kuchaytiradi hamda ijtimoiy ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantiradi.

Annotatsiya: Vatan — inson qalbida alohida joy egallagan muqaddas tushuncha. U tuproq, tog‘lar, daryolar, shaharlar va qishloqlar bilan birga xalqning tarixi, madaniyati, til va urf-odatlarini ham o‘z ichiga oladi. Bolalar uchun vatan tushunchasini singdirishda uni faqat geografik makon sifatida emas, balki mehr, g‘urur va javobgarlik makoni sifatida ham tushuntirish kerak. Maktabning boshlang‘ich bosqichida bu g‘oya oddiy, yaqin va amaliy misollar orqali berilganda bolalar uni yaxshiroq anglaydi. Muhim jihat shuki, vatanni sevish va unga sodiq bo‘lish — kundalik hayotdagi kichik, ammo muhim harakatlardan boshlanadi.

Annotation: This article examines the theoretical foundations of forming digital literacy competencies in library activities. The concept of digital literacy, its role, and essence in librarianship are analyzed. Additionally, the components of digital literacy competencies and modern pedagogical approaches and methodological recommendations for their development are discussed. The article is based on scientific and pedagogical sources and aims to identify the necessary competencies in the process of library digitization and outline ways to develop them.

Mazkur maqolada buxgalteriya hisobini sun’iy intellekt (SI) yordamida avtomatlashtirish jarayonining zamonaviy tendensiyalari, imkoniyatlari va yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan xavf-xatarlari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada SI texnologiyalarining moliyaviy hisobot tayyorlash, tranzaksiyalarni avtomatik qayd etish, soliqqa oid hisob-kitoblarni optimallashtirish va moliyaviy tahlil jarayonlarini tezlashtirishdagi afzalliklari yoritilgan. Shu bilan birga, kiberxavfsizlik tahdidlari, ma’lumotlar maxfiyligi muammolari, algoritmik xatoliklar va inson mehnati o‘rnini bosish oqibatida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolar ham tahlil etilgan. Tadqiqot davomida xalqaro amaliyotlar, statistik ma’lumotlar hamda real kompaniya tajribalari asosida SI joriy etish samaradorligi baholangan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, SI yordamida buxgalteriya hisobi samaradorligini oshirish mumkin bo‘lsa-da, xavf-xatarlarni kamaytirish uchun huquqiy, texnik va axloqiy choralarni uyg‘unlashtirish talab etiladi.

Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada Samarqand Davlat Arxitektura-Qurilish Universitetining rektori, hurmatli Chidem Janbay Turkyilmaz xonimning ilmiy, pedagogik va rahbarlik faoliyati yoritilgan. Unda xonimning O‘zbekiston va Turkiya o‘rtasidagi ta’lim, madaniyat va ilm-fan sohalaridagi aloqalarni mustahkamlashdagi hissasi, universitet taraqqiyotiga qo‘shgan ulkan hissasi hamda xalqaro ilmiy loyihalarda faol ishtiroki tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, xonimning yosh avlodni tarbiyalash, ilmiy salohiyatni oshirish va zamonaviy ta’lim standartlarini joriy etish borasidagi tashabbuslari alohida e’tirof etiladi. Maqola O‘zbekiston oliy ta’lim tizimidagi ijobiy o‘zgarishlarning yorqin namunasi sifatida Chidem Janbay Turkyilmaz xonim faoliyatini keng yoritadi.

Abstract. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in modern medicine, offering new solutions for diagnosis, treatment planning, patient monitoring, and healthcare system optimization. This article explores the current applications of AI in clinical practice, its technological foundations, and the ethical, legal, and infrastructural challenges associated with its implementation. Drawing on real-world examples from radiology, pathology, surgery, and personalized medicine, the study evaluates AI's potential to enhance accuracy, reduce workload, and improve outcomes. Future prospects include AI-integrated decision support systems, robotic-assisted interventions, and predictive analytics based on big data and genomics. As AI continues to evolve, it is reshaping the role of the physician and necessitating a new paradigm of human-machine collaboration in healthcare delivery.

Abstract. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of dental caries, its modern treatment methods, and current preventive strategies. It emphasizes the multifactorial nature of caries as a dynamic process involving microbial activity, host susceptibility, dietary factors, and time. The paper discusses both invasive and non-invasive management options, such as remineralization techniques, minimal intervention dentistry, bioactive materials, and photodynamic therapy. Preventive approaches—including fluoride application, dietary control, oral hygiene education, and risk-based strategies—are examined for their effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of caries. The article underscores the importance of personalized dental care and early detection as key components in minimizing the global burden of this widespread disease.

Abstract This article explores assessment tools for measuring English language skills in secondary schools, emphasizing their purposes, theoretical foundations, and practical applications. It discusses the historical evolution of assessment from structuralist and discrete-point testing to communicative and performance-based approaches. Key considerations of validity and reliability are highlighted, with a focus on ensuring fair and accurate interpretations of test scores. The article examines assessment methods for listening, reading, vocabulary, speaking, and writing, using established research to explain appropriate task types and scoring approaches. Additionally, the integration of assessment with instruction is discussed, highlighting the benefits of formative and diagnostic approaches, positive washback, and alternative assessment methods such as portfolios. Recommendations include adopting balanced frameworks, ensuring construct validity, providing rater training, integrating assessment with instruction, and using alternative tools to support learner growth.

Аннотация: В статье рассматривается значимость развития эмоционального интеллекта (ЭИ) у младших школьников как ключевого компонента успешной учебной и социальной адаптации. Проведён обзор современной научной литературы, подтверждающей взаимосвязь ЭИ с академической успеваемостью, поведенческой стабильностью и психологическим благополучием детей. На основе теоретических и эмпирических источников обоснована необходимость целенаправленного формирования ЭИ в условиях начального образования. В разделе обсуждения предложены практические методы, доступные учителям начальных классов: игровые и ролевые формы работы, эмоциональные минутки, интеграция эмоциональной тематики в содержание уроков, а также использование цифровых технологий. Отдельное внимание уделено роли учителя как эмоционального наставника и необходимости сотрудничества с родителями. Сделан вывод о том, что развитие ЭИ — это не вспомогательная, а системообразующая задача современной школы, способствующая полноценному раскрытию потенциала каждого ребёнка.

Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются ключевые особенности современного урока в начальной школе в контексте стратегии развития системы образования Узбекистана на 2022–2026 годы. На основе анализа педагогической литературы и практического опыта выделены основные структурные элементы эффективного урока: постановка целей, проектирование деятельности, поэтапная реализация и организация рефлексии. Особое внимание уделяется внедрению инновационных подходов — технологии обратного проектирования, дизайн-мышления, дифференцированного обучения, а также использованию цифровых инструментов и персонализированных заданий. Показано, как такие методики способствуют формированию у младших школьников критического мышления, самостоятельности, коммуникативных навыков и креативности. Статья содержит практические рекомендации для учителей по трансформации традиционного урока в современное образовательное пространство, ориентированное на личностное развитие учащихся. Сделан вывод о важности обновления методов преподавания с учётом как глобальных тенденций, так и национальных задач развития образования в Узбекистане.

Ushbu maqolada raqamli texnologiyalar asosida ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarini avtomatlashtirishning zamonaviy tendensiyalari tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, sanoat 4.0 konsepsiyasi, aqlli zavodlar (smart factories), Internet of Things (IoT), sun’iy intellekt (AI), bulutli hisoblash tizimlari va katta ma’lumotlar (Big Data) asosida avtomatlashtirishning yangi bosqichlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, raqamli transformatsiyaning ishlab chiqarish samaradorligi, moslashuvchanligi va mahsulot sifati kabi ko‘rsatkichlarga ta’siri yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda ilg‘or tajribalar, texnologik integratsiya va raqamli tizimlar orqali ishlab chiqarishda yuzaga kelayotgan muammolar hamda ularning yechimlari tahlil qilinadi.