“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
85
METHODS OF INSTALLATION OF CARGO SECURING
EQUIPMENT IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Bozorov R.Sh.
1
, Boboev D.Sh.
2
1,2
– Tashkent State transport University (Tashkent, Uzbekistan).
Keywords:
shifting, overturning, cargo safety, installation methods, fastening,
fastening scheme, cargo damage, fastening tool, lashing device.
Abstract:
The article shows the suitability of fastening tools in the process of
securing cargo in railway transport and the methods of their installation. Fastening
tools for safe transportation of cargo are studied, measures and proposals for their
selection are developed. In addition, the technical characteristics of the main models
of fastening elements are analyzed, and proposals are made for the installation of
tensioners and fasteners to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing system.
Introduction.
Methods of securing cargo in railway transport are used to prevent movement,
shifting, overturning or damage to cargo. These methods are selected depending on the
type of cargo, type of wagon and transportation conditions. Reliable and safe delivery
of cargo in railway transport, prevention of their movement, overturning or damage
during movement depends on the selection of the correct cargo securing means and
methods of their effective installation. Depending on the type, shape, weight and
transportation conditions of the cargo, methods such as lashing with straps, securing
with poles and slats, packing, gluing or screwing are used. An individual securing
scheme is developed for each type of cargo, and these works are carried out in
accordance with current technical requirements and railway transport rules. Properly
performed securing works increase not only the safety of cargo, but also the efficiency
of the entire transport process [1].
Main part.
Additional supports and pads are allowed to be made of several parts in the
following cases (Fig. 1). In addition, the overall cross-sectional dimensions of the
combined additional supports and pads must meet the above requirements. The height
of the components of the combined supports and pads in width and length must be the
same along the entire length [2].
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
86
Figure 1. Variants of joint supports and pads
If the method of loading and securing the load involves fastening the supports to
the wagon floor, then additional support parts must be fastened in the following order:
Each part must be fastened to the wagon floor with at least 75% of the required number
of nails.
It is allowed to use supports and pads made of various metal profiles, reinforced
concrete and other materials, if this does not lead to damage to the load.
Wooden supports. Wooden supports placed on the side and front parts (coated or
not) are made of round wood materials or straight-grained wooden boards of not lower
than the second grade (in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8486 and GOST
2695). Supports made of round wood materials: Must be 120–140 mm thick in the
lower part, and at least 90 mm thick in the upper part. Supports made of wooden
materials: The cross-section must be at least 90 × 120 mm. Supports installed on
gondolas: The upper reinforcing beam must be at least 100 mm thick (Figure 2a).
Methods of installing side supports [3].
Method 1: The support is installed on the floor of the semi-trailer and passed
through a special hook. The support is fastened to the lower tie with a steel wire no
thinner than 5 mm (Fig. 2b). The wire is wound twice around the support and at the
same time passed through the hole in the lower tie. The ends of the wire are twisted
together at least three times in the tie. The support can also be secured using a double-
layered wire rope. In this case: The wire is passed through the hole in the lower tie. It
is wound once around the support. The ends of the wire are twisted together at least
three times [4].
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
87
Figure 2. Installing side supports inside a gondola
Method 2. The support is installed on the floor of the semi-trailer, tightly placed
on the forest clamp and lower tie-down device, and secured with a wire with a diameter
of at least 5 mm in a similar manner to Method 1 (Figure 2c).
Method 3. In semi-trailers with forest clamps installed at an angle of 300, the
support is inserted into the clamp at an angle and then placed in an upright position.
The lower end of the support is tightly placed in the lower coupling and secured
according to Method 1 (Figure 2g).
The height of the supports above the floor of the gondola should be as follows:
2760 mm - within the main loading gauge;
3260 mm - within the zonal loading gauge.
On the platforms, the supports are mounted on special side and front support
brackets. The supports are made of round wooden materials with the thicker side facing
down. The lower part of the support should be milled to match the internal dimensions
of the bracket. The support should protrude 100-200 mm below the lower edge of the
bracket. The gap between the support and the bracket should not exceed 15 mm only
at the level of the lower edge of the bracket. In this case, the support should be
additionally fixed with nails (Fig. 3).
The nail is driven in tightly from below and fixed to the support as follows: If the
nail is placed between the support and the frame beam, then with two nails 80-90 mm
long; If the nail is placed between the support and the bracket, then with one nail [5].
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
88
Figure 3. Securing the platform support to the support bracket
Short supports are installed to increase the load-bearing capacity of the platform
sides. The height of the short supports above the platform floor should be at least 100
mm higher than the height of the side being secured, and at least 150 mm if the supports
are secured with tie-down rings. High supports are used to secure loads that are
significantly higher than the height of the platform sides [6].
If the load is placed within the main load dimension, the height of the side supports
above the platform floor should not exceed 2800 mm.
To increase the load-bearing capacity of the fastening, the opposing supports are
secured with tie-down rings in the upper part, and if necessary, in the upper and middle
parts (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Connecting the supports on the platform
The fastening of short supports and the upper fastening of high supports should
be made in such a way that the distance from the fastening to the load surface is 50-
100 mm, and the distance from the fastening to the upper edge of the supports is at
least 100 mm [7].
The middle fastening of high supports should not touch the load as much as
possible. Methods of fastening wooden supports are shown in Figure 5.
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
89
Figure 5. Methods of tying wooden supports
Support and distribution beams, distribution frames. Support and distribution
beams, distribution frames are used to protect cargo from longitudinal and transverse
movement of the wagon, as well as to transfer inertia forces from the cargo to the
elements of the wagon div (side and front boards of the platform, front barrier, corner
supports, lower link of the half-car div). The beams must be made of coniferous wood
materials, at least of the third grade, and manufactured in accordance with GOST 8486.
It is allowed to use products made of other materials as support and distribution beams
and frames, the strength of which is confirmed by regulatory documents. The
dimensions of wooden beams are accepted in accordance with the standards of this
section. Wooden elements are connected to the distribution frames using nails,
construction staples with a diameter of at least 6 mm, plates and other fastening details.
The height of the support and distribution beams must be at least 50 mm. The width of
the support beam must be at least 1 time greater than its height. Standard schemes for
installing support and distribution beams are shown in Figure 6 [8].
Figure 6. Standard installation schemes for support and distribution beams
1 – Spreader beam;2 – Support beam.
If, due to the design features of the semi-trailer, it is not possible to install a
support beam along the entire width of the div between the load and the front
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
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https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
90
boundary barrier of the semi-trailer, it may consist of three parts of the same cross-
section.
Support beams higher than 200 mm are allowed to be made of two parts (Fig. 7).
In this case: The height of each part must be at least 50 mm. The width must be at least
100 mm. If the ratio of the width to the total height (w/h) of the beam located along the
length is less than 0.5, support or distribution beams (which can also be structural in
height) must be placed perpendicular to it. The total height of these beams must be at
least 50 mm higher than the lower part of the structural beam. The lower parts of the
structural beams are nailed to the floor with the required number of nails to securely
fix the load, and the upper parts are fastened to the lower ones with the same number
of nails. It is also allowed to make support beams structurally identical in both height
and width at the same time, provided that the conditions described above are met [9].
Figure 7. Variants of structural support beams by height
Nails according to GOST 283 are used to fasten wooden pallets, support and
distribution beams and frames to the wooden floor covering of the wagon, as well as
to connect wooden fastening elements to each other. The dimensions of these nails are
given in Table 1.
Table 1.
Permitted nail sizes
Diameter of the
nail, mm
Length, mm
Hat diameter, mm
4,0
100-120
7,5
5,0
100-150
9,0
6,0
150-200
11,0
8,0
250
14,0
The nail placement diagrams for attaching wooden fasteners to the wagon floor
are shown in Figure 8.
“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
91
Figure 8. Nail placement schemes
The minimum permissible nail spacings when attaching wooden fasteners to the
floor, as well as the distances between nails and the edges of wooden elements,
depending on the thickness of these elements, are given in Table 2.
Table 2.
Minimum permissible distances between nails, as well as distances between
nails and the edges of wooden elements
Distance
determination
Minimum permissible distances according
to element thickness b, mm
≤ 50
> 50
S1
125
90
S
2
30
30
S3
30
30
S4
90
90
Rules and requirements for fastening wooden fasteners to the floor. When
fastening fasteners (or parts thereof) are installed on the floor of a wagon, the nails
must be driven perpendicular to the floor. The axes of the nails must not be bent. The
length of the nails must be 50-60 mm longer than the height of the fastener.
The formation of cracks when driving nails into the fasteners is not allowed. If
necessary, before driving nails, nail holes can be pre-drilled in the fasteners, but the
diameter of the hole should not exceed 85% of the nail diameter. It is not allowed to
drill holes in the planks of the platform floor. Nails driven into the cracks between the
planks of the platform floor are not included in the total number of nails.
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“PEDAGOGS”
international research journal ISSN:
2181-3027
_SJIF:
5.449
https://scientific-jl.com/ped
Volume-82, Issue-2, May -2025
92
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