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SEMANTIC ANALYZING OF COLOR IN THE ENGLISH AND
KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Xabipova R.
Nukus, Uzbekistan
Ph.D., docent, Berdakh Karakalpak State University
The department English linguistics
Keywords:
linguistics, intercultural communication, metaphorical, analysis, verbal
concepts, component, categorization classification.
In the world of linguistics, at present, in the process of globalization and
intercultural communication of people, the question arises about all aspects of language,
including the analysis of socio and linguacultural meanings reflected in the language.
Color is a category that attracts the attention of specialists from all over the world, whose
scientific interests lie in completely different fields of knowledge: physicists, biologists,
doctors, psychologists, artists, designers, art historians, philosophers, literary critics,
linguists and many others. Structural and linguistics, differences in the field of color
names are associated with differences in the world pictures of representatives of different
cultures, with established historical and cultural, religious, climatic and other features [1,
179-186].
Color is the most important part of all visual information. It is the color of the
clothes of the person you meet, the color of his face, hair, etc., that is remembered first of
all. For example, the statement: «I don’t remember what she was wearing, but she was
wearing red, and this red burned my soul and kept me awake at night.» One of the issues
related to color naming is the question of how to combine words that denote color into
groups [2, 235].
At the same time, the author notes that shades, two-part words and phrases in
dictionaries are almost completely absent. It should be noted that there are no clear
criteria for the allocation of the considered vocabulary in the modern science of language.
In most cases, the authors rely on their own intuition, deciding how many and which
words should be studied. For example, the composition of the vocabulary used for color
designations is usually limited to a very small group of words, the so-called basic color
names. On the other hand, they readily illustrate the absence of isomorphism in the
content plans of different languages by comparing diagrams of the distribution of the
names of the main colors, which are allocated, in fact, on the same substantive basis – the
physical spectrum of colors. Thus, the Russian language distinguishes seven basic colors:
purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange, and red [3, 846-853].
In English, only six colors are called as primary colors: purple (purple, magenta,
purple), blue (blue, cyan), green (green), yellow (yellow), orange (orange), red (red).
However, we believe that it is important to take into account the metaphorical
reinterpretations of not only the main, but also “peripheral” color names, including
simple adjectives. In stylistics, attention is often drawn to the role of color units, since
they are one of the elements of any writer’s style and worldview in a work of fiction. It
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should be noted that the material of color names is used very productively in the analysis
of the artistic means of the language of writers, since the vocabulary denoting color is
one of the essential components of imagery in fiction [4, 846-853].
We can say that the linguistic problem of color naming developed together with
linguistics as a science. New scientific paradigms are emerging – a new perspective on
this problem is emerging. It should be noted that the development of aspects of the
functioning of color in phraseological units has also always been relevant and developed
by some generations of scientists as we can see, the high frequency of the use of the
vocabulary of color designation, its obvious national-cultural semantics and significance
for the construction of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world attracts the
attention of various researchers. It is impossible to imagine the development of society
without language and the development of language without society. Language is not only
a means of communication between people, but also between nations, as well as an
instrument of interstate communication. Modern languages have evolved over the
centuries as a result of complex historical processes [4, 832-839].
The literature on color terms in the English and Karakalpak language is not
sufficiently presented, so that the categorization and classification of colors is a
problematic issue in the field of linguistics. Of the few linguistic studies available, one
can rely on introspection to draw conclusions: by examining the behavior of color terms
in contexts through language analysis, the meanings of color definitions are revealed.
Color is the object of many scientific studies. The color spectrum is divided into three
main colors: yellow, blue, and red. There are traditionally a small but common group of
nuclear colors - blue, green, yellow, red and achromatic colors: black and white (gray
should also be included here) [5, 339-343].
The range of characteristics of adjectives in the English and Karakalpak and
English language is very wide. Let’s look at some of the main aspects related to
colorative vocabulary. The English and Karakalpak language belongs to the agglutinative
languages, which are characterized by the method of «gluing». In the English and
Karakalpak language, adjectives are formed using affixes. In general, the formation of
adjectives in the English and Karakalpak language is a wide and complex field, since
they are subject to substantiation in combination with verbs:
Qaysı túrinen, aǵınan ba,
qızılınan ba?
This feature creates a semantic color field and a figurative value. Color-
indicating adjectives are used in phraseological units, proverbs, idioms, fairy tales,
riddles:
Adam alası ishinde
. Adjectives that express color can mean nicknames, funny
words, or swear words:
Qarabay; sarı máshek; Qara batır; ala-shubar; Aq júzli qız
.
In English and Karakalpak, as in Russian, the color-signifying adjective is placed
before the noun:
white dress – аq kóylеk
. By structure, adjectives are divided into simple
(аq, qızıl) and compound (aspan kók reń, toq sarı reń). The word «white» is considered
the oldest in the English and Karakalpak dictionary, being one of the keywords expressed
cotton, milk, snow (aq jipek – oramal, aq altın – paxta, qarday aq, sút kibi aq). The
adjective white is sometimes applied to a person (аq bilekler; aq júzli qız). «White» can
be used in a figurative sense (аq suw). In literary works, poets and writers used the word
white to describe snow, frost, winter:
Appaq lipas kiyip qır, dala. Qar qoynında uyqılap
jatadı, poyezd ele ushıp baratır, aq qırlardı basıp baratır
… The adjective white usually
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means «innocent»:
Aq bolsa nege birden kózge túspeydi
. White can express milk, curdled
milk, ayran, etc.:
aǵarǵan ishtim
.
The word ‘black’ is applied to a person as a silhouette, label:
Qara batır, qara
uwayım, qarabayır
. The word ‘qаra’ is sometimes used as an adjective for black objects.
This gives the item an additional meaning:
qаra qаzаn, qаra qumаn, qаra, qаra kúnler,
qаra ko’zlеr
. In relation to other colors, blue is considered abstract. Because when we say
blue, it is difficult to imagine a specific color. In the language, these shades have their
own names. With the help of adjectival affixes and auxiliary elements
shım, ashıq, toq,
dım, eń,-raq, qıp
, the shades of objects are determined:
ashıq qızıl gul, qızılıraq
. In the
English and Karakalpak language, ‘red’ has synonyms:
qan qızıl reń, toq qızıl, ashıq qızıl
reń, qızıl
, etc. English and Karakalpak writers in their works convey shades of red in the
following forms:
Gúlnara, Gúlqumar, Gúlshıray, Gúlshiyrin
. When in contact with the
outside world, a person’s mind develops an idea of the surrounding world, in which a
multi-faceted and multidimensional model of the world is formed. Linguistic forms and
verbal concepts of things that reflect the specific features of language form a linguistic
picture of the world, thereby becoming a source of knowledge of the world,
understanding of reality, and also contribute to the reproduction of a more extensive
multi-faceted picture of the surrounding reality in the minds of people. In the linguistic
picture of the world, all the meanings expressed and recorded in the language are
combined into one single concept of beliefs, forming a holistic worldview, which
becomes common in the form of a linguistic norm for the speakers of this ethnic group.
The national language is a spiritual component, it unites all those who speak it, brings
them together and serves as a bridge between generations. Language is the most
important component of culture, which serves to transfer experience and knowledge to
the future generation.
Culture organizes the thought of the linguistic personality, forms linguistic
concepts and categories. Culture and language are inseparable concepts that have formed
the linguistic picture of the world in the history of human civilization. An integral part of
culture-language, is the main tool of knowledge and assimilation of culture. In the
linguistic picture of the world, the language itself is perceived as a mirror of culture,
where the world of a person and the entire nation with its traditions, customs, mentality
and values takes place. In the language system of a single collective, including folklore,
proverbs, sayings, phraseological units, chronicles, oral and written speeches are a
cultural storehouse, a piggy bank in which all the knowledge, skills, material and spiritual
values accumulated by the people are stored. Generations become carriers of culture,
adopting and mastering the experience of their ancestors through the linguistic picture of
this ethnic group. In the formation of a person as a cultural personality, it is the language
that contributes to the perception of the mentality, customs and traditions of the entire
people. Culture is transmitted through language and the conditions of its existence are
nourished by the accumulated knowledge of previous generations. It is appropriate to
state that language, being a product of culture, is also at the same time its main and
integral component. «Language is the history of the people. Language is the path of
civilization and culture. Culture manifests itself, first of all, in language. Language is the
true reality of culture; it is able to introduce a person into culture.
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Language is a means of communication between people, a product of human
society. It is impossible to imagine the development of society without language and the
development of language without society. It is not only a means of communication
between people, but also between nations, as well as an instrument of interstate
communication. Today’s languages have evolved over the centuries as a result of
complex historical processes. The language picture of the English and Karakalpak
language expresses the cultural and national experience that has historically developed
over many centuries and is fixed in the vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Thus, a
comprehensive analysis and study of the characteristics and qualities of adjectives with
color definitions from the point of view of linguistics is of great importance both
theoretically and practically.
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