46
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спирт
37
сыта
38
чай
39
чал
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шербет
41
шипучка
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шоколад
В ходе анализа выявлено 11 соответствий, т.е. 11 билингвальных лингвокультурем.
Так, к билингвальным лингвокультуремам можно отнести такие наименования напитков
как буза, вино, какао, квас, кисель, компот, коньяк, кофе, ликѐр, пиво, ситро.
Остальные
же
выявленные
номинации
напитков
соответственно
являются
монолингвальными.
Таким образом, билингвальные лингвокультуремы не являются в полной мере языковыми
единицами, относящимися исключительно к лексике одного языка. В большинстве случаев,
номинации напитков, представленные в Толковом словаре узбекского языка, имеют русское
происхождение или перешли в узбекский язык из других языков при посредничестве русского. К
ним можно отнести такие лингвокультуремы как вино, какао, компот, коньяк, кофе, ликѐр, пиво,
ситро.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1.
Воробьев В.В. Лингвокультурология: Монография. – М.: РУДН, 2008. – 336 с.
2.
Джусупов М. Межъязыковое и межкультурное контактирование: понятие, слово, психо-
образ, интерференция / Филологические науки. 2016. № 5. С. 22-34.
3.
Джусупов Н.М. Тюркский символ в художественном тексте (лингвокогнитивный аспект):
монография. – Астана: Издательство «Сарыарка», 2011. – 218 с.
4.
Джусупов М. Тюркофонное пространство СНГ: русский язык с региональными
тюркоязычными компонентами // Вестник ТГГПУ. 2012. №2).
FORS TILIDA SODDA FE‟LLAR POLISEMIYASI
Ahmedova D.R.
DSc, dotsent, Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti Eron-afg‗on filologiyasi kafedrasi,
Toshkent, O‗zbekiston
tel: +998909313458
Annotatsiya:
Polisemiya tilning ham nazariy, ham amaliy jihatdan o‗rganilishi zarur bo‗lgan hodisasi
hisoblanadi. Uning nazariy hal etilishi esa tilning logika bilan bog‗liq, u bilan aloqador tomonini
aloqadorlik qonuniyatlarini hal qilib chiqish bo‗ladi. Uning amaliy tomoni esa tarjima, izohli lug‗at kabi
lug‗atlar strukturasi demakdir. Polisemiya so‗zning semantik strukturasi nuqtai nazaridan olib o‗rganiladi.
So‗zning semantik strukturasi esa uning ob‘ektiv borliq bilan bog‗liq tomonidir.
Kalit so„zlar:
fors tili, polisemiya, ko‗p ma‘nolilik, sodda fe‘llar
Polisemiya har qanday tilda ham salmoqli o‗rin tutadi. Til boyligi faqat so‗zlar, iboralar bilangina
emas, so‗zlarning leksik ma‘nolari bilan ham o‗lchanadi. Demak, so‗zlarning ko‗p ma‘noliligi –
polisemiya til boyligida o‗z o‗rniga ega [1; 3]. Ma‘lum tildagi polisemiya o‗rganilar ekan, o‗sha xalqning
tarixiy taraqqiyoti, fikrlash doirasi, nuqtai nazari kabilarga ham e‘tibor berilgan bo‗lardi. Til boyligining
mana shunday tarmog‗i esa, to‗laligi bilan olib qaralganda, tekshirish ob‘ekti bo‗lmay kelmoqda. U ham
nazariy, ham amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo‗lishiga qaramay, mana shunday muammoli masala barcha xalqlar
tilshunosligida hamon e‘tibordan chetda turibdi. Tadqiqotimiz ob‘ekti bo‗lgan fors tilidagi sodda fe‘llarda
polisemiya masalasi ham shular jumlasidandir.
Fors tilida polisemiya hodisasi masalalari L.Peysikovning «Лексикология современного
персидского языка» va A.Quronbekovning ―Fors tili leksikologiyasi‖ [2] kitoblarida yoritilgan. Eron
tilshunosligida fe‘llarda ko‗p ma‘nolilik hodisasiga bag‗ishlangan qator ishlarni kuzatish mumkin.
Bulardan یفیرض لاِض―
بٌعه یسررث
ضبٌعه ٍبگذید زا دبیٌث ماذًا تکره لبعفا یی
سبٌ
یتخبٌض ی
‖ [3], یداره نیُارثا
― ییبٌعه یسررث
یسربف ىبثز رد تکره لعف‖ [4], ربکهذٌگ َلحار―یسربف ىبثز لبعفا حطس رد یتفبث ییبٌعه نُ َلئسه َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر‖ [5],
.
یرفص یلع ―
بثز رد تکره یبُ لعف ةّبٌت ّ ٌَیهز یسبطًبٌعه
یسربف ى
‖ [6], یفیرض لایل
― لعف کی َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر
47
یسربف یبٌعهذٌچ‖ [7], یعیثر ذیوح―لعف یبٌعه رییغت رد رثؤه رصبٌع ‖ [8], بفلگ ىلاسرا ―
لعف ییبٌعه یبضف
«
ىذض
»
ىبثز رد
یتخبٌض شرگً :یسربف‖ [9] ishlarini sanab o‗tish lozim.
Leksik polisemiya, odatda, bir leksemaning semantik tarkibidagi leksik ma‘nolar orasida
mazmuniy bog‗lanish borligiga tayanadi, shu xususiyati bilan leksik omonimiyadan farq qiladi. Leksik
polisemiyaning yuzaga kelishi ma‘no taraqqiyoti qonuniyati bilan belgilanadi.
Prof. A.Quronbekovning ta‘kidlashlaricha polisemiya tarkibidagi vujudga kelgan omonimlarni
boshqa ma‘no belgilaridan farqlash o‗ta qiyin. Masalan: ―
parde
‖ – ―
parda
‖, ―
ekran
‖, ―
san‘at asari
‖, ―
soz
pardasi
‖. Bu ma‘nolar orasidagi ―
deraza pardasi
‖ bilan ―
soz pardasi
‖ni bir-biridan uzoq ma‘noli
omonimlar deyish mumkin. Ularning orasidagi bu farq faqat sintaktik va semantik valentlikda ma‘lum
bo‗ladi.
Parde-ye panjare
–
deraza pardasi
;
parde-ye ‗aroq
–
Iroq ohangi
orasida farq juda katta. Bularni
bir so‗zning bir-biriga yaqin ma‘no belgilari debbo‗lmaydi. Bu bir-biridan uzoq ma‘no belgilari –
omonimlardir. Lekin lug‗atlarda so‗zning bu ma‘nosi omonim sifatida qaralmaydi. Ko‗p ma‘noli
so‗zlardagi ma‘no yaqinligi bilan omonimlar o‗rtasidagi farqlarni ajratishning aniq ko‗rsatkichlari ishlab
chiqilmagan. Bu mavzu fors tili leksikologiyasida o‗z yechimini kutayotgan dolzarb muammolardan
biridir [2; 18].
Misollar tahlili natijasida huddi shunday muammoli holga ىدرْخ fe‘li misolida duch
kelindi.
ندروخ
1) ye
moq
; 2)
ichmoq
; 3)
yutmoq
; 4)
og‗z. tushunarsiz gapirmoq
; 5)
o‗zlashtirib olmoq
; 6)
sport. yutqazmoq
; 7)
mo‗ljalga tushmoq
; 8)
urilib ketmoq
; 9)
tegmoq
; 10)
og‗z. to‗g‗ri kelmoq
kabi
ma‘nolarni anglatadi. Nazarimizda ushbu fe‘lning 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ma‘nolari uning bosh ma‘nosidan tubdan
farq qilib, buni alohida omonim sifatida ajratish maqsadga muvofiq lekin bu masala alohida tadqiqotni
talab etadi.
So‗z ma‘nolarini analiz qilish orqali shuni kuzatish mumkinki, barcha so‗zlar dastlabki bosqichda
monosemantik xarakterga ega bo‗ladi. Ulardan muayyan narsa va hodisalarni ifodalash maqsadlarida
foydalaniladi. Keyinchalik ular boshqa predmet va hodisalarni ifodalash maqsadlari uchun ham
ishlatiladi. Natijada so‗zlarning keyingi ma‘nolari kelib chiqadi.
Polisemiya hodisasining yuzaga kelishida ko‗chma ma‘noning hosil bo‗lishi muhim rol
o‗ynaydi.Ko‗chma ma‘nolar bir toifa voqelik atamasini boshqa toifadagi voqelikka ko‗chirish jarayonida
vujudga keladi. Masalan: يیدلاْف یْقبچ (
čāquye fulādin
) –
po‗lat pichoq
;يیدلاْف ٍدارا (
erādeye fulādin
) –
po‗lat irodali
. Bu o‗rinda birinchi birikmada ―
po‗lat
‖ tom ma‘noda, ikkinchi birikmada ko‗chma
ma‘noda, ya‘ni ―
mustahkam
‖, ―
bukilma
s‖ ma‘nosida qo‗llanilmoqda [2; 9].
Uzual ma‟no
leksemaning mazmun mundarijasida bor bulgan leksik ma‘nodir. U til egasi
bo‗lgan xalq tomonidan tan olingan, demak, ko‗pchilikka tushunarli bo‗lgan ma‘no hisoblanadi. Masalan,
نتفر
fe‘lining mazmun mundarijasida quyidagi leksik (uzual) ma‘nolar bor: 1)
yurmoq
;
ketmoq
;
yo‗lgatushmoq
; 2)
yaqinlashmoq
; 3)
oqmoq
; 4)
botmoq
; 5)
tortmoq, o‗xshamoq (birorkimsaga)
; 6)
o‗chmoq
; 7)
ahdqilmoq.
Okkazional ma‟no
leksemaning tildagi ma‘nosiga xos bo‗lmagan, ayrim shaxsning (muallifning)
nutqiy vaziyatidan kelib chiqib, shu leksema mazmuniga yangicha «tus» berishi natijasida yuzaga
keltirilgan sun‘iy ma‘nodir. U individual xarakterda bo‗ladi va faqat kontekstda anglashiladi.
بِثاْختخر ریز َتفر ىْتجضردبچ ذثلا(2:262) ―
Balki choyshabingiz kirlar orasiga kirib ketgandir
‖.
Yuqoridagi jumlada
نتفر
fe‘lining «
yo‗qolmoq
» ma‘nosida kelganini anglash qiyin emas. Aslida
bu ma‘no يتفر fe‘lining mazmun mundarijasida yo‗q, u asar muallifining uslubiy maqsadda kashf etgan
leksik qo‗llashidir.
Demak: a) uzual ma‘no til birligi (leksik ma‘no), okkazional ma‘no esa nutq birligi (leksik
qo‗llash) sanaladi; b) uzual ma‘no (yoki ma‘nolar) kontekstgacha shakllangan bo‗ladi, okkazional ma‘no
esa kontekstning o‗zida yuzaga keladi, shu kontekst doirasidagina leksemaga biriktiriladi; v) uzual ma‘no
leksemaning biror predmet yoki hodisani nomlashi bilan bog‗langandir (unda obrazlilik ifodasi bo‗lishi
ham, bo‗lmasligi ham mumkin), okkazional ma‘no esa nomlamaydi, unda obrazlilik ifodalanadi, xolos; g)
uzual ma‘no tilning lug‗at boyligidan o‗rin oladi, okkazional ma‘no esa vaqt o‗tishi bilan lug‗at boyligiga
kirib qolishi mumkin bo‗lgan (hozirgacha kirmagan) potensial imkoniyatdir. Bunday imkoniyat amalga
oshishi ham, oshmay qolishi ham mumkin.
Fors tilida sodda fe‘llar anglatgan ma‘no miqdori jihatidan quyidagi guruhlarga bo‗lindi: Ikki
ma‘noli fe‘llar; Uch ma‘noli fe‘llar; To‗rt ma‘noli fe‘llar; Besh va undan ortiq ma‘noli fe‘llar;
Ikki ma‟noli fe‟lar.
Biz tahlil qilgan sodda fe‘llar orasida ikki ma‘noli fe‘llar eng kam qismni
tashkil etdi. Bu fe‘llarning tahminan asosiy qismida ikkinchi ma‘no birinchisidan o‗sib chiqqan bo‗ladi.
خاًْ 1)
chalmoq;
2)
urmoq;
ىدره 1)
o‗lmoq;
2)
o‗chmoq;
ىدّسفا 1)
ko‗paymoq
; 2)
ko‗paytirmoq
;
48
Uch ma‟noli fe‟llar.
Bunday fe‘llarning ko‗pida ma‘nolar biri ikkinchisidan o‗sib chiqqan
bo‗ladi. Ma‘nolarning miqdori ikkitadan ortganda, albatta, ularning bog‗lanishi ham murakkab tus oladi.
Shu jihatdan fe‘l ma‘nolarining bog‗lanishi ikki turli bo‗ladi:
1) Ma‘nolaro‗zaro birin ketin bog‗lanadi.
Bunda ma‘nolaring bog‗lanishi
1→2→3
shaklida bo‗ladi.
نتخانش
1)
tanimoq
(
kimnidir
); →2)
tanimoq
(
nimanidir
); →3)
anglab yetmoq, tushunmoq;
2) keyingi ikki ma‘noning har biri o‗zicha birinchi ma‘noga bog‗lanadi:
1 │→2
1 │→3
ندیسزپ
1)
so‗ramoq;
│→2)
ma‘lumot olmoq;
1)
so‗ramoq;
│→3)
kasal holidan xabar olmoq;
ندیود
1)
yugurmoq;
│→2)
og‗z. shoshilmoq;
1)
yugurmoq;
│→3)
quvlamoq;
To„rt ma‟nolife‟llar.
Quyidagi to‗rt ma‘noli fe‘llarda ma‘nolar biri ikkinchisidan o‗sib chiqqan.
Bunda ma‘nolarning bog‗lanishi quyidagicha:
1)Keyingi uch ma‘noning har biri o‗zicha birinchi ma‘noga bog‗lanadi. Bu quyidagi ko‗rinishga
ega bo‗ladi:
1 │→2
1 │→3
1 │→4
نتشک
1)
o‗ldirmoq
│→2)
o‗chirmoq
1)
o‗ldirmoq
│→3)
bostirmoq
1)
o‗ldirmoq
│→4)
so‗ndirmoq
2) ma‘nolari ikki xil: ham birin ketin, ham o‗zicha bog‗lanadi:
Bu fe‘larning ikkinchi, uchinchi ma‘nosi o‗zicha birinchi ma‘nosiga bog‗lanadi, to‗rtinchi
ma‘nosi esa uchinchi ma‘nosiga bog‗lanadi:
1 │
→
2
1
│→
3
→
4
ندنام
1)
qolmoq;
│→2)
to‗xtamoq;
1)
qolmoq;
│→3)
tirikqolmoq;
→4)
saqlanmoq;
Besh va undan ortiq ma‟noli fe‟llar.
Sodda fe‘llarning ma‘no miqdori ortgan sari shu fe‘l
anglatayotgan ma‘nolar munosabati murakkablashib boradi. Shunday holatni besh va undan ortiq ma‘noli
fe‘llarda ham ko‗rish mumkin. Bu fe‘llarning ma‘nolari bir biriga quyidagi usullar orqali bog‗lanadi:
1) Fe‘llarning barcha ma‘nosi o‗zicha birinchi ma‘nosiga bog‗lanib, quyidagi ko‗rinishga ega
bo‗ladi:
1 │→2
1 │→3
1 │→ 4
1 │→ 5 va h.
ندیزپ
1)
uchmoq, qanot qoqmoq
; │→2)
uchib ketmoq
;
1)
uchmoq, qanot qoqmoq
; │→3)
sakramoq;
1)
uchmoq, qanot qoqmoq
; │→4)
sakrab turmoq
;
1)
uchmoq, qanot qoqmoq
; │→5)
yo‗qolmoq, parlanib ketmoq (hid, suyuqlik)
;
1)
uchmoq, qanot qoqmoq
;│→ 6)
titramoq, uchmoq (ko‗zi uchmoq);
ندیشک
1)
tortmoq
; │→2)
cho‗zmoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→3)
chizmoq
(
chiziq, rasm
);
1)
tortmoq
; │→ 4)
tortib o‗tmoq (sim)
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→5)
chiqarmoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→ 6)
uzib olmoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→7)
o‗ziga jalb etmoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→8)
o‗lchamoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→9)
siqmoq
;
49
1)
tortmoq
; │→10)
solmoq(ovqatni
);
1)
tortmoq
; │→11)
chidamoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→12)
davom etmoq, cho‗zilmoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→13)
sixga termoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→14) ye
tib bormoq
;
1)
tortmoq
; │→ 15)
chekmoq
.
نتشاذگ
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→2)
tegmoq
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→3)
belgi qo‗ymoq
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→ 4)
qorovul qo‗ymoq
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→5)
bermoq (birorto‗garak)
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→6)
tashlab ketmoq
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→7)
ruxsat bermoq
;
1)
qo‗ymoq
;│→8)
soch, soqol o‗stirmoq
;
نتفر
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→2)
yaqinlashmoq
;
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→ 3)
oqmoq
;
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→4)
botmoq
;
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→5)
tortmoq
,
o‗xshamoq
(
birorkimsaga
);
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→6)
o‗chmoq
;
1)
yurmoq; ketmoq; yo‗lga tushmoq
; │→7)
ahd qilmoq
;
نتشذگ
1)
o‗tmoq (vaqt, voqea), o‗tib ketmoq
; │→2)
kesib o‗tmoq
;
1)
o‗tmoq (vaqt, voqea), o‗tib ketmoq
; │→3)
o‗tmoq
;
1)
o‗tmoq (vaqt, voqea), o‗tib ketmoq
; │→4)
kechib o‗tmoq
;
1)
o‗tmoq (vaqt, voqea), o‗tib ketmoq
; │→5)
oqib ketmoq
;
1)
o‗tmoq (vaqt, voqea), o‗tib ketmoq
; │→6)
kimdandir o‗ti ketmoq
;
2) ma‘nolari ikki xil: ham birin ketin, ham o‗zicha bog‗lanadi:
Bu fe‘llarning ikkinchi, uchinchi ma‘nosi o‗zicha birinchi ma‘nosiga bog‗lanadi, qolgan
ma‘nolari esa uchinchi yoki keyingi ma‘nosiga bog‗lanib, quyidagi ko‗rinishlarga ega bo‗ladi:
1 │2
1 │3→4→5 va h.
yoki
1 │→2 → 3
1 │→ 4
1 │→5 → 6
ندیباوخ
1)
uxlamoq
; │→2)
yotmoq
;
1)
uxlamoq
; │→3)
qaytmoq
(
shishning qaytishi
); →4)
to‗xtamoq
; →5)
tinchlanmoq
;
نتخاس
1)
tayyorlamoq, ishlab chiqarmoq
;│→2)
qurmoq, yaratmoq
;
1)
tayyorlamoq, ishlab chiqarmoq
;│→3)
soxtalashtirmoq
(
hujjatlarni
);→4)
chiqishmoq
(
biror
kimsa bilan
);→ 5)
til biriktirmoq
;
نتخادنا
1)
otmoq
;
│→
2)
daraxtlarni chopmoq
; →3)
o‗tinyormoq
;
1)
otmoq
;
│→
4)
yozmoq (dasturxon)
;
1)
otmoq
;
│→
5)
po‗sttashlamoq
; → 6)
ag‗darmoq
;
Xulosa o‗rnida polisemiya nafaqat ot va sifat so‗z turkumlarida balki fe‘llarda, jumladan sodda
fe‘llarda ham keng tarmoq yoygani, fors tilida sodda fe‘llar ikkitadan tortib o‗ntagacha ma‘no anglatib
kelishi, bular ichida eng ko‗pi besh va undan ortiq ma‘noli fe‘llar ekanini alohida ta‘kidlash lozim.
ADABIYOTLAR:
1. Миртожиев М. Ўзбек тилида полисемия. – Т.: Фан. 1975.
2.
.
Quronbekov A.. Fors tili Leksikologiyasi. – T., 2009.
3.
ضبٌعه ٍبگذید زا دبیٌث ماذًا تکره لبعفا ییبٌعه یسررث .یفیرض لاِض
سبٌ
يیث صیبوُ يیوطض تلابقه َعْوجه // یتخبٌض ی
یللولا
«
یسربف تبیثدا ّ ىبثز جیّرت يوجًا
.»
ىارذًزبه ٍبگطًاد
–
دادرخ
1330
ظ .
3000
–
2330
.
4.
.یداره نیُارثا
یسربف ىبثز رد تکره لعف ییبٌعه یسررث
ٍبگطًاد یًبسًا مْلع ّ ةدا ٍذکطًاد ىبثز ّ ةدا َیرطً //
لبس .ىبهرک رٌُ بث ذیِض
16
ٍربوض ،
33
ىبتسثبت ّ ربِث ،
1332
.
50
5.
.ربکهذٌگ َلحار
ٍرّد ،یًبثز یبُ صُّژپ // یسربف ىبثز لبعفا حطس رد یتفبث ییبٌعه نُ َلئسه َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر
ٍربوض ،مّد
2
ىبتسهز ّ سییبپ ،
1330
ظ .
125
-
115
6.
ٍرّد ،یًبثز یبُربتسج // یسربف ىبثز رد تکره یبُ لعف ةّبٌت ّ ٌَیهز یسبطًبٌعه .یرفص یلع
2
ٍربوض ،
2
ّ ربِث ،
ىبتسثبت
1332
ظ .
39
-
91
7.
لبس ،یتخبٌض مْلع یبُ ٍزبت // یسربف یبٌعهذٌچ لعف کی َث یتخبٌض یدرکیّر .یفیرض لایل
11
ٍربوض ،
4
،
1399
ظ ،
11
–
1
.
8.
وح
ٍربوض ،مْس ّ تسیث ٍرّد .یسربف تبیثدا ّ ىبثز شزْهآ ذضر // لعف یبٌعه رییغت رد رثؤه رصبٌع .یعیثر ذی
2
،
ىبتسهز
1399
ظ ،
50
-
49
9.
لعف ییبٌعه یبضف .مبفلگ ىلاسرا
«
ىذض
»
ٍرّد .یقیجطت تبیثدا ّ ىبثز یبُ صُّژپ // یتخبٌض شرگً :یسربف ىبثز رد
2
ٍربوض ،
4
ىبتسهز ،
1330
.
SYLLABLE FORMATION AND SYLLABLE DIVISION IN ENGLISH
Kurbanbaev Dj.A.
Foreign Languages Faculty, KSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Jumaniyazova Z.K.
Master student, KSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
As stated above the syllabic structure, as a component of the phonetic system, consists of syllable
formation and syllable division which are in close relationship to each other. All theories of the syllable
have more often attempted to explain the syllable formation, but the problem of the division has not been
thoroughly investigated, which is both theoretically and practically important in language description.
Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate some general rules of syllable formation and syllable division in
English [1: 103].
In English a syllable is formed by a vowel (monophthong or diphthong) alone or in combination
with one or more consonants Example: ore [o:], more [mә:], at [әt], [æt], [әt] cap [kæp], consideration
[‗kәnsidә-rei-∫n] etc.
In the English words bottle [bәt-l], batten [bæt-n], rhythm [rið:-m] the final sonorants lateral [n]
and nasal [m], [n] and sometimes [ŋ] may form separate syllables [4: 54].
But the English sonorants [w], [j], [r] cannot form syllables. Thus, we can distinguish syllabic [m,
n, l] and non-syllabic [r, j, w] sonorants. In English a syllable formation and syllable divisions depend on
many factors among which the phonotactic rules, which – determine the combination of phonemes or
clusters and the nature of adjoining them, are regarded very important. The permissible clusters of
consonants are, in part, conditioned by historical but chiefly by physiological factors. These include the
following: 1) whether two phonemes which might adjoin in the same-cluster have the same articulator; 2)
whether they have the same type of articulation; 3) whether they are both voiced or voiceless; 4) whether
the have the same or varying conditions of structure; 5) whether especially in phonemes of the same
articulation type, one is slightly more prominent than the other. Thus [r], an apical consonant, is never
preceded by [s], also apical stops do not combine initially with stops, etc. Syllabic consonants occur when
a syllable ends in [t], [d] or [n] and the next syllable is unstressed and contains [l], [n] or [m]. If the other
consonant clusters except c+[l], [n], [m] occur at the end of words they are regarded to be non-syllabic.
This conditions the existence of the contrast ―no syllable vs. a syllable‖. Example; cattle [kæt-l] –
cats [kæts], battle [bæt-l] – bats [bæts], muttony [mΛt-n] etc. thus, the syllable formation and syllable
division in English have a phonological function. From the articulatory point of view the clusters [t],
[d]+[l], [n] are formed with the tip of the tongue touching the tooth ridge, i.e. they have the similar type of
articulation. Clifford H., Prator Jr. points out two other cases of the occurrence of syllabic-consonants in
rapid conversational speech where stops and continuants have the same points of articulation:
1)
between [p] or [b] and [m] as stop‘em [stopthem] [st p-m];
2)
between [k] or [g] and [n], as in I can go [aikŋgәv].
The English sonorants are not syllabic when they fellow vowels. Ex.Sweden [swidәn], heighten
[haitәn], [lantern], [læntәn]; The following final clusters, in which the second member constitutes
sonorants [m], [n] and [i] may form separate syllable: [-tm], [:m], [sm], [zm], [-lm]; botton [b t-m],
rhythm [ri:-m], blossom [bl sm], film [film]; [p, b, t, d, k, g, dз, f, v, θ, s, z, ∫, l]+[n]; open [әu-pn], ribbon
[ri-bn], eaten [i:-th], garden [ga:-dn], darken [da:-kn], dragen [drae-gn], region [ri-dзn], often [-fn], seven
[se-vn], earthen [з:θn], lesson [le-sn], season [si:-zn]; [p, b, t, d, k, t∫, dз, v, f, s, z]+[l]; people [pi:pl], table
[tei-bl], settle [se-tl], middle [mid-l], cycle [sai-k], bugle [bi:-gl], racial [rei-∫l], rifle [rai-fl], cudgel
[kΛdзl], civil [si-vl], castle [ka:-sl], drissle [dri-zl], special [spei-∫l] [2: 11].
In some cases two syllabic consonants may occur in the derivatives of English words, for
example; national [næ∫nl], regionally [ridзnli] etc.
