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UDK 811.111 37:811.512.13337
O‘ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDAGI LANDSHAFT SO‘ZLARINING KOGNITIV
YONDASHUVDA TADQIQI
Usmonova Shakhnoza Yoqubjon kizi
Senior teacher at Fergana State University.
usmonovashahnoza40@gmail.com.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15714728
Annotatsiya
. Ushbu maqolada
o‘zbek va ingliz tillaridagi landshaft terminlarining
kognitiv
masalasi yoritib berilgan. Shuningdek, ma‘lum bir individual
suv lаndshаftlаrini
bildiruvсhi leksik birliklаr tadqiqot ob‘ekti sifatida o‘rganilgan va bu borada o‘zbek va ingliz
tilshunosligida bayon qilingan fikrlar tadqiqot ob‘ekti sifatida o‘rganilgan. Tаqqоslаshning
kоgnitiv mexаnizmi оngdаgi оbyektlаr yоki hоdisаlаr tushunсhаlаrini o‘xshаsh xususiyаt аsоsidа
o‘zаrо bоg‘lаshdаn ibоrаt.
Kalit so‘zlar:
kognitiv lingvistika ,
qiyоsiy kоnstruktsiyаlаr,
tаbiiy suv lаndshаftlаri,
duoba,
sаkrаmа,mexanizm,
kоgnitiv metаfоrа.
КОГНИТИВНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЛАНДШАФТНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ В УЗБЕКСКОМ
И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ"
Аннотация.
В данной статье описывается когнитивный вопрос ландшафтных
терминов в узбекском и английском языках. Также в качестве объектов исследования
изучались лексические единицы, обозначающие те или иные отдельные водные
ландшафты, а также мнения, высказанные по этому поводу в узбекском и английском
языкознании. Когнитивный механизм сравнения заключается в соединении в сознании
понятий о предметах или событиях на основе сходных свойств.
Ключевые слова:
когнитивная лингвистика, сопоставительные конструкции,
природные водные ландшафты, молитва, прыжки, механизм, когнитивная метафора.
A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LANDSCAPE TERMS IN UZBEK
AND ENGLISH
Abstract.
This article describes the cognitive issue of landscape terms in Uzbek and
English languages. Also, the lexical units denoting certain individual water landscapes were
studied as research objects, and the opinions expressed in Uzbek and English linguistics in this
regard were studied as research objects. The cognitive mechanism of comparison consists in
connecting concepts of objects or events in the mind on the basis of similar properties.
Key words
: cognitive linguistics, comparative constructions, natural water landscapes,
prayer, jumping, mechanism, cognitive metaphor.
INTRODUCTION
The formation of anxiologically positive or negative schemes for the general assessment
of the landscape science dictionary is distinguished by its characteristics in the formation of
meaning at the conceptual level. Most of the concepts of landscape in the compared languages,
to one degree or another, lack evaluative coloring. The meanings of landscape terms can have a
positive or negative axiological orientation, depending on their combination with certain
concepts, which may include certain evaluative components.
General evaluative meanings of landscape terms are formed by combining the
“emptiness” of the evaluative relationship of the concept landscape with a concept that has a
clear axiological orientation. The general meaning is close to “good” or “bad”.
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For example, Sea of happiness in English (happiness is a state of happiness). They enjoy
the abundance of your house; you let them drink from your river of delight (delight - a feeling of
great pleasure and satisfaction). At first glance, the fund on the right looks better because its
mountain of wealth is higher (wealth is a large amount of money, property owned by a person or
country). These examples show general evaluative meanings with a positive axiological
orientation, since the concepts with which landscape concepts are combined in the process of
conceptualization have positive evaluative components in their structure.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The formation of axiological
–
positive or negative
–
general evaluative semantics in
landscape terminology stands out with distinct features at the conceptual level. Most landscape
concepts in the compared languages lack inherent evaluative coloring. However, depending on
their combination with certain concepts that may include evaluative components, the meanings
of landscape terms can take on a positive or negative axiological direction. The general
evaluative meanings of landscape terms are created by associating the "neutral" in evaluative
relations with an axiological concept.
The landscape terms studied in our article have also attracted the attention of cognitive
scientists. In particular, E.V. Samokhina studies the manifestation of the concept sphere of
EARTH in the linguoculturology of the English language. E.V. Samokhina emphasizes that the
concept of the Earth is a universal concept that includes, on the one hand, universal human
values, and on the other, the ethnospecificity of values and the specifics of Anglo-Saxon and
English-speaking culture[1:246]. Reflecting the mentality of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos as a whole,
this made it possible to consider this concept as the basic concept of a general civilizational and
ethno-specific English-speaking culture.
O.V. Gavrilenko, in his book “Cognitive Development of Landscape in British and
American Linguistic Cultures: A Comparative Study,” explores the area of
concepts of landscape
in British and American linguistic cultures and argues that landscape is an important fragment in
both linguistic cultures[2:186]. Both linguistic cultures are divided into water and land parts,
which, in turn, are structured by concepts and their characteristics.
The author notes that the
conceptualization of landscape objects by representatives of both linguistic cultures studied is
based on the central conceptual symbol “size/shape”, as well as “participation in the formation of
the overall picture of the landscape” based on “human activity”, "Flora", "Animal Kingdom" and
states that he has other peripheral symptoms.
V. According to Iwaszkiewicz, landscape terms occupy a special place as the oldest layer
of vocabulary in the linguistic landscape of the world of the English language, since, according
to the scientist, one of the first realities that a person experiences in his daily life is the
environment. natural landscape areas, various natural spaces[3:192].
Natural spaces are objects perceived through perception, and the visual analyzer plays the
main role in the perception of these objects. Field units of the concept “natural space” have
specific cognitive properties, and their content is formed primarily on the basis of signs
perceived by vision. Visual symbols in the content of concepts of objects of natural latitude show
the physical properties of objects of reality. These are linear features that describe objects based
on their size, relationship with three-dimensional spatial axes (length, width, height/depth), as
well as a shape symbol.
Although there are studies devoted to the cognitive study of English landscape
terminology, such studies have not been carried out in Uzbek linguistics.
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There are no such articles in the comparative aspect either. Landscape terms are the
oldest lexical layer of languages and reflect the basic realities of the surrounding reality. We see
that the main feature of English landscape terms is that they are widely used in nominative and
evaluative functions.
Currently, within the framework of the Uzbek and English languages, such
aspects as the classification of landscape terms into different groups and the evaluative
capabilities of landscape vocabulary have not been studied. This article discusses the principles
of classification of landscape terms and features of the evaluative capabilities of landscape
vocabulary in modern English and Uzbek languages.
Thus, the main and most stable features of the concepts of “landscape” in the minds of
English speakers can be assessed by analyzing the definitions in English dictionaries that
represent the corresponding concepts in the language.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Lexical units denoting natural water landscapes are usually defined in the dictionary as
follows:
Lock Lakes
are lakes without running water. Lock Lake's water is primarily used for
evaporation and partially seeps underground. Lock lakes are numerous in Eastern Siberia and
Yakutia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The Caspian and Aral seas, Balkhash, Lop Nor, the Dead
Sea, Lake Issyk and other lakes are drainless. The water of drainless lakes in arid climates is
salty.
A river valley
is a relatively mountainous stream stretching along the surface of the earth.
The river valley was formed by flowing water and is tilted and often curved towards the
river. The river valley is divided into channel, river bed, terrace (old river bed), slopes and lower
banks.
Duoba
(Tajik du
–
two, ob
–
water) is a place where two streams and rivers flow.
A river
is water flowing in a natural channel. Precipitation forms when rain and other
water collects and begins to flow into low-lying areas.
Kisnok
is a place where the river bed narrows, a strait. In sandy areas, erosion of the river
bed deepens.
Black water
is the streams and rivers fed by groundwater in the foothills and valleys. The
water is clear. Sometimes mineralized. Sometimes it flows out of the forest. Water consumption
does not vary much depending on the season. Not so much in Central Asia. Found in the valleys
of Zerafshan and Fergana. Sewage and ditches are also called black water. In Turkey, spring
water is called black water.
Sakrama
is a mountain, a fast-flowing part of a river, a threshold, a waterfall.
Unguz
is a river valley, a relict valley. In Turkmenistan, in particular in the Karakum
Desert, this term refers to the remaining dry valleys.
Dribble
- stream, river, water flowing from a spring. K.Bourn
Seа
-
the lаrge аreа оf sаlty wаter thаt соvers muсh оf the eаrth’s surfасe [Lоngmаn
2005: 1475]; the sаlt wаter thаt соvers mоst оf the Eаrth’s surfасe аnd surrоunds its соntinents
аnd islаnds [Оxfоrd Аdvаnсed Leаrner’s Diсtiоnаry оf Сurrent English 1995: 1057].
Осeаn
-
the greаt mаss оf sаlt wаter thаt соvers mоst оf the Eаrth's surfасe [Lоngmаn
2005: 1134]; the mаss оf sаlt wаter thаt соvers mоst оf the eаrth’s surfасe [Оxfоrd Аdvаnсed
Leаrner’s Diсtiоnаry оf Сurrent English 1995: 800].
Lаke
-
а lаrge аreа оf wаter surrоunded by lаnd [Lоngmаn 2005: 900].
Pоnd
-
а smаll аreа оf fresh wаter thаt is smаller thаn а lаke, thаt is either nаturаl оr
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аrtifiсiаlly mаde [Lоngmаn 2005: I 268]; аn аreа оf wаter similаr tо а lаke but smаller,
espeсiаlly оne thаt hаs been built аrtifiсiаlly [Mасmillаn Diсtiоnаry Оnline].
River
-
а nаturаl аnd соntinuоus Hоw оf wаter in а lоng line асrоss а соuntry intо the seа
[Lоngmаn 2005: 1422]; а lаrge nаturаl streаm оf wаter flоwing in а сhаnnel [Оxlоrd Аdvаnсed
Leаrner’s Diсtiоnаry оf Сurrent English 1995: 1015].
Streаm
-
smаll river; а nаturаl flоw оf wаter thаt mоves асrоss the lаnd аnd is nаrrоwer
thаn а river [Lоngmаn 2005: 1641]; а smаll nаrrоw river [Mасmillаn Diсtiоnаry Оnline|
Wаterfаll
-
а plасe where wаter frоm а river оr streаm fаlls dоwn оver а сliff оr rосk
[Lоngmаn 2005: 1862]; а streаm оr а river thаt fаlls frоm а height, e.g. оver rосks оr а сliff
[Оxfоrd Аdvаnсed Leаrner’s Diсtiоnаry оf Сurrent English 1995: 1345].
Analyzing these definitions, we can conclude that the concepts of natural landscape water
forms have the following characteristics: water surface, volume at a certain level, volume in
width, shape (“surrounded by land”, “in a long line across the land”). in a long line across the
country" "), origin (natural-natural/artificial-artificial), specific location in relation to the earth's
landscape. the nature of the water flow (“water <....> is falling”, perceptual properties (“salty”).
Modern English landscape terms express both rational and emotional evaluations, largely
due to the influence of the cognitive mechanisms shaping meaning. When meaning formation is
based on the mechanism of conceptual metonymy, the evaluations tend to be more precise,
establishing logical connections between related concepts. In such cases, the relationship among
concepts is straightforward and rational. When meanings are formed through the mechanism of
conceptual metaphor, associations play a central role in comparing two conceptual domains and
establishing links based on similarity.
The evaluative meaning often contains an emotional component, especially when
multiple conceptual bases are activated simultaneously, allowing for meaning to emerge through
conceptual comparison. For instance: "They stare down at the City
–
like an ocean of small
lights," or "Her hair flowed long and smooth as a river of onyx down her back," or "She had only
to let her imagination bloom to have the music they would write flow like a river through her
head."
The English landscape term reveals specific linguistic features as a means of
conceptualization. Landscape terms are widely used to form evaluative meanings and convey
ideas through the mechanism of conceptual metaphor. The speaker chooses a unique way to
conceptualize an object or phenomenon, for example, expressing the idea as an "ocean of space,"
thereby using the characteristics of the ocean to conceptualize the qualities and vastness of space.
In this choice, concepts like large volume, as seen in terms like lake or river, may also
apply. This selection reflects the speaker's worldview and subjective expression in language. It is
worth noting that the mechanism of conceptual metaphor produces more emotional content
compared to meanings formed through metonymy. Thus, the modern English landscape
vocabulary expresses general evaluative meanings and various types of personal assessments in
the process of concept formation, depending on the combination of conceptual features, the
operation of specific cognitive mechanisms, and the conceptual domain. Each unit of English
landscape terminology embodies certain linguistic characteristics, functioning as a means of
conceptualization. Landscape terms are widely used to create evaluative meanings and convey
ideas through the mechanism of conceptual metaphor. The speaker selects a unique method to
conceptualize the object or phenomenon in question, such as expressing the idea as an "ocean of
space," thereby using the ocean's qualities to represent the vastness of space.
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This choice, which might involve concepts like large volume (e.g., lake, river), reflects
the speaker’s worldview and subjective linguistic expression. It is worth noting that the
mechanism of conceptual metaphor tends to produce more emotional resonance than meanings
formed through metonymy.
Our attention is focused on studying the uniqueness of landscape terminology in
expressing various topics, assessing certain territories, denotatively and connotatively. In the
dictionary of landscape science, if the characteristic of the concept of urban or rural landscape
appears, the estimated value can be formed on the basis of the profiling mechanism. For
example: dirty city, run-down village. These examples evaluate not only the landscape itself, but
also the people who live in it. In this case, the profiling mechanism is combined with metonymy.
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
The cognitive mechanism of comparison consists of combining in the mind concepts of
objects or events based on similar properties. Studying metaphorical comparisons, M. E.
Prokhorova emphasizes that the cognitive mechanism of comparison is closely related to the idea
of interaction of concepts developed in cognitive linguistics[4:61-65].
When comparing, the
concept of the object of comparison and the concept of the object of the attribute are
interconnected, and as a result of the interaction of concepts, a new conceptual unit is formed.
For example: On his table there were many books piled up in a mountain.
In English, this mechanism can be implemented through comparative constructions (as.,
as), degrees of comparison of adjectives (more/less), descriptive and evaluative adjectives, and
syntactic structure.
Metaphorical and metonymic expressions can also serve as a cognitive mechanism for the
formation of evaluative meanings. Cognitive metaphor has been studied by many scientists.
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