ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 7 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
237
EDUCATIONAL IDEAS IN ANCIENT EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
(BABYLON, EGYPT, CHINA, INDIA)
Kudratova Nigora Islamovna
Master's student at Asian International University.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845097
Abstract. This article presents information about the ancient Eastern civilizations and
their societies that for the first time in human history formed centralized states, writing, law,
education, and social institutions. Based on sources, it is shown that these regions - Babylon
(Mesopotamia), Egypt, China, and India - occupied an important place in history not only for
the achievements of material culture, but also for their educational systems and ideas.
Keywords: East, civilization, humanity, centralized states, writing, law, educational and
social institutions, formed societies, regions - Babylon (Mesopotamia), Egypt, China and India,
material culture, achievements, educational system and ideas, education, ancient times,
personality formation, social system, transmission of knowledge from generation to generation,
main ideas and methods.
Ancient Eastern civilizations are the first societies in human history to form centralized
states, writing, law, education, and social institutions. These regions—Babylon (Mesopotamia),
Egypt, China, and India—play an important role in history not only for their material cultural
achievements, but also for their educational systems and ideas. Education has been a means of
shaping personality, strengthening social order, and transmitting knowledge from generation to
generation since ancient times. This article analyzes the educational systems, their main ideas,
and methods in ancient Eastern civilizations.[1;14]
Educational ideas were widely developed in ancient Babylonia (Mesopotamia).
Mesopotamia — an ancient civilization located in what is now Iraq — is known as the
land where the first writing system (cuneiform) was invented. During the Babylonian period,
education was mainly shaped to meet religious and practical needs. Cuneiform schools of writing
and legal education were called “edubba.” In these schools, students learned the basics of
writing, mathematics, law, geography, and theology. The laws of Hammurabi were widely
disseminated through education.
In terms of social stratification, education was mainly intended for the children of nobles
and temple servants. Students were given practical skills such as accounting, tax systems, and
drawing up commercial documents. The Babylonian education system was centralized, strictly
regulated, and had a religious and legal content. In ancient Egypt, however, the ideas of
education differed from the above. In ancient Egypt, education was mainly controlled by state
agencies and temples. The goal of education in this system was to educate citizens who were
loyal to the state, morally mature, and knowledgeable. Since the Pharaoh was considered a
divine figure as a divine basis, education also had a religious character. The basics of theology,
astronomy, and art were taught.[2; 40]
The teaching of hieroglyphic writing was central. The “School of Scribes” directed to
elite professions.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2025
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 4 / ISSUE 7 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
238
As a practical education, school graduates worked in administrative, engineering, tax
collection, and land surveying. Discipline, obedience, and moral purity were the main values in
Egyptian education.
In ancient China, educational ideas were distinguished by their order and style. Education
in China developed on the basis of Confucian teachings. He put forward the idea of managing
society on the basis of humanity, social duty, respect, and order. Confucianism was at the heart of
the Chinese education system, aiming to develop morality, spirituality, respect for parents, and
preparation for public service. The state examination system, on the other hand, began in the 3rd
century BC, when a test system was introduced for entering the civil service. This developed the
idea of meritocracy.
Of the subjects, great attention was paid to history, philosophy, mathematics, literature
and music. The Chinese education system has long played a key role in maintaining stability in
society and providing educated personnel.
Educational ideas were of particular importance in ancient India. The Vedas, Upanishads
and Buddhist teachings were of great importance in the development of education in India. The
Vedic education system taught the children of the Brahmin class Vedic knowledge - religious
rituals, Sanskrit language, philosophy, astronomy. Education was carried out in gurukuls
(teacher's houses). In terms of moral education, personal education was established based on the
ideas of Ahimsa (abstinence from violence), satya (truthfulness), karma and dharma.[3; 245]
Universities The first universities such as Takshala and Nalanda appeared in India.
Philosophy, medicine, mathematics, grammar and art were taught in these places. Indian
education was distinguished by its spiritual, moral, and philosophical depth.
In ancient Eastern civilizations, educational systems were formed in accordance with
social, religious and political needs. Their common features are as follows:
- Education was mainly based on religious and moral ideas.
- It was intended for the elite class and served as a means of strengthening social
stratification.
- Writing, mathematics, law and moral education played an important role.
- In China, the idea of meritocracy was strong, and in India, a spiritual and philosophical
approach was strong.
Traces of the ancient Eastern educational system, particularly the ideas of moral
education, interdisciplinary approach, and service to the community, are clearly visible in today's
modern education systems. Therefore, this ancient experience serves as an important source for
modern pedagogical ideas and practices.
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2025
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