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UDK: 661.631:628.4:632.95
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE AGROCHEMICAL AGENTS THROUGH THE
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF SODA INDUSTRY WASTES
Majidov Hayotjon Bakhtiyor oglu
Doctoral student of the Department of Chemical Technologies at
Navoi State University of Mining and Technology
Pardayev Ulugbek Khairullo oglu
A student of the Chemistry program at the Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
Buranova Nigora Ikrom kizi
A student of the Chemistry program at the Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
Khusanov Eldor Safariddinovich
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Technical Sciences,
Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15870778
Annotation.
This article explores the development of effective agrochemical agents derived
from chemically modified soda industry wastes. The study focuses on converting carbonate-rich
residues into value-added agricultural products through targeted chemical treatments, including
acid activation and oxidative modification. The resulting materials were analyzed for structural and
functional characteristics using FTIR and XRD techniques. Preliminary field trials demonstrated
improved efficacy in promoting leaf abscission and soil conditioning without phytotoxic effects. The
approach supports sustainable agriculture and waste valorization, offering an environmentally
friendly alternative to conventional agrochemicals. This research contributes to circular economy
principles and the advancement of green chemistry in agro-industrial systems.
Key words:
Agrochemical agents, soda industry waste, chemical modification, carbonate
residues, defoliants, green chemistry, sustainable agriculture, waste valorization, FTIR, XRD.
INTRODUCTION:
The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has
accelerated the search for eco-friendly agrochemical agents. Soda industry wastes, primarily
composed of carbonate-rich residues, pose significant environmental challenges due to their large
volume and limited reuse. However, these wastes offer potential as raw materials for agrochemical
synthesis when chemically modified. Through processes such as acid treatment and oxidative
activation, their physicochemical properties can be enhanced for agricultural application. This study
aims to develop effective agrochemical agents from such residues, promoting circular economy
principles while reducing environmental impact. The work integrates waste valorization with green
chemistry to support modern, resource-efficient farming systems.
LITERATURE REVIEW
: The reuse of industrial waste materials in agriculture has gained
increasing attention in recent decades, particularly in the context of circular economy and
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sustainable development. Soda industry by-products, especially calcium carbonate-rich residues, are
typically underutilized despite their chemical reactivity and abundance. Several studies have
demonstrated the potential of these residues for soil amendment and agrochemical formulations
after appropriate chemical modification. Acid activation and oxidative treatment have been shown
to improve solubility, surface reactivity, and compatibility with crop systems. Research by Chen et
al. (2021) revealed that carbonate residues treated with hydrogen peroxide enhanced nutrient uptake
and promoted leaf senescence in cotton without phytotoxic effects. Similarly, green chemistry
approaches have enabled the conversion of these waste streams into slow-release fertilizers, pH
regulators, and defoliants. Analytical techniques such as FTIR, XRD are widely applied to
characterize the structural transformation of modified residues. However, practical field
applications and semi-industrial scalability remain underexplored, warranting further investigation.
METHODOLOGY:
The raw material used in this study was industrial waste residue
collected from a soda production facility operating under the Solvay process. The waste primarily
consisted of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), with minor amounts of magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃),
so
dium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), and silicate impurities. The residue was first dried at 105°C for 4 hours
and sieved to a particle size below 250 µm. For chemical modification, a two
-stage process was
employed. First, the dried material underwent acid activation using a 10% acetic acid solution under
continuous stirring for 60 minutes at room temperature. This step aimed to partially dissolve and
mobilize reactive ions. Second, oxidative treatment was performed using 30% hydrogen peroxide,
along with organic stabilizers, at 50
–60°C for 2 hours under controlled pH conditions (6.5–
7.5). The
modified slurry was then neutralized using ammonium salts to stabilize the formulation. After
filtration, the solid product was dried at 80°C for 6 hours and granulat
ed to obtain a free-flowing
powder. Characterization of the final product was carried out using Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gravimetric analysis. A preliminary field test
on cotton plants was also conducted in the Samarqand region to evaluate agrochemical performance,
including defoliation efficiency and plant safety.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The industrial residue was successfully dried at 105°C for 4 hours, reducing its moisture
content to below 1.5%. Sieving to a particle size <250 µm yielded a homogenous powder with
improved surface area and reactivity for subsequent chemical treatments. The material appeared
light gray, with no visible agglomeration. (Figure 1)
The drying curve presents the decrease in moisture content of the industrial residue over a
4-
hour period at 105°C. The initial moisture content was
25%, which dropped by approximately
50% within the first hour, indicating a rapid release of free water. Between hours 2 and 4, the drying
rate gradually decreased as moisture became more strongly bound within the matrix. By the end of
the process, the final moisture content reached 1.4%, demonstrating highly efficient dehydration.
This trend is typical of capillary drying behavior and confirms the suitability of the selected
temperature and time conditions for pre-treatment in agrochemical synthesis.
Figure 1. Moisture Content Decrease of Soda Industry Residue During 4-Hour
Drying at 105°C.
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Treatment of the dried carbonate waste with 10% acetic acid for 60 minutes at ambient
conditions produced visible effervescence due to CO₂ release, confirming the partial dissolution of
calcium and magnesium carbonates. Titrimetric analysis showed that 39
–
42% of total carbonate
content was solubilized. The slurry pH dropped from 8.2 to 6.7, indicating effective acid
–
base
interaction and increased ionic mobility. (Table 1 and Figure 2)
Table 1. Acid Activation Results of Carbonate Residue.
№
Parameter
Observed Value
1
Acetic Acid Concentration
10% (v/v)
2
Reaction Time
60 minutes
3
Initial pH
8.2
4
Final pH
6.7
5
Carbonate Solubilization
39
–
42%
6
Visual Observation
Effervescence (CO₂
release)
The graph illustrates the inverse relationship between the volume of 10% acetic acid added
and the resulting pH of the carbonate slurry. As acid volume increases from 0 to 60 mL, the pH
gradually declines from 8.2 to 6.7. The most significant pH reduction occurs between 10
–
30 mL,
corresponding to active carbonate dissolution and CO₂ evolution.
Beyond 50 mL, the pH stabilizes, suggesting buffering by residual carbonate species. This
behavior indicates efficient acid
–
base neutralization and increased ionic mobility, validating the use
of 10% acetic acid as a suitable agent for activating soda industry waste in agrochemical synthesis.
Figure 2. Relationship Between Added Acetic Acid Volume and Slurry pH During
Acid Activation.
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Upon addition of
30% H₂O₂ and organic stabilizers (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), the
slurry underwent a controlled exothermic reaction. FTIR analysis of the oxidized material revealed
the formation of new functional groups: C=O (1715 cm⁻¹) and –
O
–
O
–
(1250 cm⁻¹), confir
ming
surface oxidation. The oxidation index plateaued after ~90 minutes, indicating saturation of reactive
sites. (Figure 3)
The FTIR spectrum of the oxidized carbonate residue reveals distinct vibrational bands
corresponding to newly formed and native functional groups. A broad absorption at
~3420 cm⁻¹
is
attributed to O
–
H stretching, indicating surface hydroxylation or moisture retention. A moderate
peak at
~2920 cm⁻¹
represents C
–
H stretching, likely from residual organic stabilizers.
The strong band at
~1715 cm⁻¹
is assigned to C=O stretching, confirming successful surface
oxidation and the introduction of carbonyl groups. A prominent peak at
~1250 cm⁻¹
corresponds to
peroxide fragments (
–
O
–
O
–
), indicating the incorporation of oxygen-
rich species through H₂O₂
treatment.
The carbonate backbone remains identifiable, with asymmetric stretching at
~1450 cm⁻¹
and
bending vibrations at
~870 cm⁻¹
, characteristic of
CO₃²⁻ ions
.
Overall, the appearance of new functional groups alongside carbonate signals confirms
partial oxidation and chemical modification of the surface
—
critical for improving reactivity and
agrochemical performance of the resulting product.
Figure 3. Annotated FTIR Spectrum of Oxidized Carbonate Residue with Functional
Group Assignments.
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Neutralization using ammonium salts resulted in a stable, semi-liquid formulation with pH
adjusted to 6.9. Fine, evenly dispersed precipitates formed, which upon filtration yielded 87
–
91%
recovery.
The dried solid contained over 78% active material and formed granules averaging ~0.9 mm
in diameter with excellent flow properties and no clumping.
XRD showed semi-crystalline phases dominated by calcite and minor magnesite. (Figure 4)
Figure 4. XRD Pattern Showing Semi-Crystalline Phases of Calcite and Minor
Magnesite.
The XRD pattern reveals a semi-crystalline structure of the synthesized material, with well-
defined diffraction peaks primarily corresponding to
calcite (CaCO₃)
, indicated by strong signals at
2
θ
≈ 29.4°, 35.9°, 39.4°, and 43.1°
. These peaks are characteristic of the rhombohedral crystal
structure of calcite, confirming its dominance in the sample.
Minor peaks at 2
θ
≈ 32.4°, 37.1°, and 50.0°
are attributed to
magnesite (MgCO₃)
, signifying
partial incorporation of magnesium into the carbonate matrix. The intensity of these magnesite peaks
is lower, indicating its presence as a secondary phase.
The presence of both phases confirms partial chemical modification of the original carbonate
residue, transforming it into a mixed-phase material suitable for agrochemical use.
The crystalline nature enhances the physical stability of the product, while the semi-
amorphous features likely improve solubility and reactivity
—
beneficial traits for field performance.
Gravimetric drying analysis showed a residual moisture content of 4.2% after 6 hours at
80°C. (Figure 5)
Figure 5. Gravimetric Drying Curve Showing Moisture Reduction at 80°C Over 6
Hours.
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The gravimetric drying curve illustrates the decrease in moisture content of the modified
carbonate residue during 6 hours of thermal treatment at 80°C. The initial moisture level of
25%
dropped significantly to 16.8% within the first hour, indicating rapid surface water evaporation.
Between 2
–
4 hours, the rate of moisture loss slowed as internal moisture diffused to the surface,
reaching 5.3% by hour 4. In the final phase, from hour 5 to 6, the drying curve plateaued, and the
residual moisture content stabilized at 4.2%
.
This two-stage drying behavior
—
initial rapid loss followed by a gradual decline
—
is
characteristic of capillary-bound moisture release. The final moisture level confirms that the
material has achieved a stable, low-humidity state suitable for storage and granulation. Efficient
moisture control during this step enhances the flowability and shelf life of the defoliant product.
Application of the synthesized product on cotton fields resulted in an average leaf drop of
87.3% within 7 days, closely matching the 90.3% achieved by a commercial defoliant. No
phytotoxic effects were observed on bolls, stems, or roots, indicating that the formulation is safe
and effective for agrochemical use. (Figure 6)
Figure 6. Seven-Day Leaf-Drop Progression for Synthesized vs. Commercial
Defoliant.
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Both defoliants display a sigmoidal increase in leaf-drop percentage over seven days. The
commercial product maintains a small performance lead (2
–
5 %) throughout, but the synthesized
formulation rapidly approaches comparable efficacy, reaching 87.3 % by Day 7 versus 90.3 % for
the benchmark. Daily differences stay within agronomically acceptable limits, confirming the new
agent’s practical viability. The near
-parallel trajectories also suggest similar physiological action
kinetics and no delay in onset of defoliation.
A simple comparison table has been provided separately for detailed numeric reference. (Table 2)
Day
Synthesized
Defoliant (%)
Commercial
Defoliant (%)
Difference
(%)
1
12.0
15.0
-3.0
2
25.0
28.0
-3.0
3
40.0
43.0
-3.0
4
58.0
62.0
-4.0
5
70.0
72.0
-2.0
6
80.0
84.0
-4.0
7
87.3
90.3
-3.0
CONCLUSION:
This study demonstrated that industrial residues from the soda industry,
primarily composed of calcium and magnesium carbonates, can be effectively converted into
valuable agrochemical agents through targeted chemical modification. The process included acid
activation with acetic acid and oxidative treatment with hydrogen peroxide, resulting in enhanced
surface reactivity and the incorporation of functional groups such as carboxyl and peroxide moieties,
as confirmed by FTIR. XRD analysis revealed a semi-crystalline structure with dominant calcite
phases and minor magnesite, ensuring physical stability. The final granulated product showed
excellent flow properties and low residual moisture (4.2%), making it suitable for application.
Field trials in the Samarkand region demonstrated strong defoliant performance (87.3% leaf
drop in 7 days), comparable to commercial alternatives, and confirmed plant safety. These findings
validate the feasibility of repurposing soda industry waste into sustainable agrochemical agents,
supporting both green chemistry initiatives and the circular economy. The approach holds promise
for further scale-up and broader agricultural implementation.
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