AYOLLARDA GORMONAL DISBALANS VA HAYZ SIKLINING BUZILISHI

Abstract

Hormonal imbalance in women constitutes a central pathophysiological factor underlying menstrual cycle disorders, including alterations in cycle duration, regularity, and menstrual blood volume. The hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis plays a key regulatory role, with coordinated secretion of estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) ensuring the normal cyclic function of the reproductive system. Dysregulation at any level of this axis may lead to anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and other clinical forms of menstrual dysfunction. Etiological contributors include stress, thyroid disorders (hypo- and hyperthyroidism), hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, eating disorders, obesity or rapid weight loss, excessive physical exertion, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Menstrual irregularities affect not only reproductive capacity but also a woman’s overall endocrine, metabolic, and psychological health. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation—including hormonal profiling, ultrasound examination, assessment of metabolic parameters, and clinical monitoring—is essential for identifying and effectively managing hormonal imbalance. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hormonal imbalance, clinical manifestations of menstrual cycle disturbances, and contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for their management.