DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71337/inlibrary.uz.science-research.139360Keywords:
Multiple Sclerosis McDonald Criteria 2024 κ-FLC MRI biomarkers central vein sign optic nerve paramagnetic rim lesions diagnostic specificity.Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by multifocal lesions disseminated in both time and space. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate disease-modifying therapy (DMT), reduce long-term disability, and ensure reliable patient stratification in research and clinical trials.References
Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(2):162–173. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2
Montalban X, Kappos L, Wattjes MP, Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Filippi M, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurology. 2025 (In press). [Ahead of print, DOI forthcoming].
Samara A, Alroughani R, Sormani MP, Kister I. A new landscape in light of the 2024 McDonald criteria: Integrating MRI and biomarkers. Biomedicines. 2025;13(11):2590. doi:10.3390/biomedicines13112590
Hauser SL, Cree BAC. Treatment and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(17):169–180. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1901483
Klotz L, Havla J, Hohlfeld R, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2025;38(1):45–58. [Ahead of print, DOI forthcoming].
Filippi M, Preziosa P, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, et al.
MRI in multiple sclerosis: Diagnostic criteria, imaging biomarkers, and future directions. Radiology. 2021;298(1):16–34. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021201800
Absinta M, Sati P, Reich DS. The central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: Emerging MRI biomarkers.
Brain. 2022;145(4):1234–1248. doi:10.1093/brain/awac058
Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA. Multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(2):169–180. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1401483
Comabella M, Montalban X.
Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.Lancet Neurology. 2014;13(1):113–126. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70233-3
Reich DS, Zivadinov R.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning in multiple sclerosis imaging.
Nature Reviews Neurology. 2024;20(2):89–103. doi:10.1038/s41582-024-00891-1
Kim SH, Paul F, Nakashima I, Sato DK, Britton M, Fujihara K, et al.
Differentiating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease from multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:671457.
doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.671457
Lassmann H. Pathology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathologica. 2020;139(1):39–56. doi:10.1007/s00401-019-02010-8
Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, et al.
Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus prior to multiple sclerosis onset. Science. 2022;375(6578):296–301. doi:10.1126/science.abj8222
Brownlee WJ, Hardy TA, Fazekas F, Miller DH. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Progress and challenges. Lancet. 2017;389(10076):1336–1346.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30959-X
Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with ocrelizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(3):221–234. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601277
