ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 8 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
389
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND THE HISTORY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
Qo’chqorova Yulduz Soliyboy kizi
Student of Karakalpak State University named after Berdak
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8312482
Abstract.
This article focuses on organic chemistry and the history of its development.
During the article, the activities of scientists who contributed to this science are thoroughly studied
and analyzed. Reasonable opinions and comments are given throughout the article.
Key words:
organic chemistry, scientists, chemistry, organic dyes, organic substances.
ОРГАНИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ ЕЕ РАЗВИТИЯ
Аннотация.
Данная статья посвящена вопросам органической химии и истории ее
развития. В ходе статьи тщательно изучается и анализируется деятельность ученых,
внесших вклад в эту науку. На протяжении всей статьи даются обоснованные мнения и
комментарии.
Ключевые слова:
органическая химия, учёные, химия, органические красители,
органические вещества.
Organic substances have been known to people since ancient times, they knew how to make
organic dyes (alizarin, purple, indigo), ferment grape juice to make vinegar, extract sugar and oil
from plants, boil fats with alkalis to make soap, and this used substances. But for a long time,
organic substances were used in the form of mixtures. By the 9th century, Arab alchemists were
able to extract acetic acid from vinegar, and ethyl alcohol from musalas. In the 16th century, ethyl
ether was obtained by treating ethyl alcohol with sulfuric acid. From the end of the 18th century
to the beginning of the 19th century, obtaining organic substances in their pure form and studying
them developed a lot, and it was considered that the name "organic chemistry" probably refers to
the chemistry of substances that are part of plant and animal organs.
However, in 1824, the German chemist F. Völler synthesized oxalic acid from dicyanate,
which is found in plant organs, and in 1828, he synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate in
human and animal organs, and in 1845, German chemist A. V. Kolbe synthesized acetic acid.
synthesis, in 1854 the French chemist M. Bertlot obtained oil, in 1861 the Russian scientist A. M.
Butlerov obtained a sugary substance from common ant aldehyde, it was proved that organic
substances are not found only in human and animal organs, and it is widely possible to obtain them
by synthesis the way was opened. It has been proven that organic substances always contain the
carbon element, and it was found that they contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements
in addition to the carbon element.
Thus, at the beginning of the 19th century, organic chemistry emerged as a science that
teaches the chemistry of carbon compounds that make up organic substances. Organic chemistry
is the main sources of organic substances - coal, oil, natural gas, fuel for the national economy
through the processing of forest and agricultural products, paints, explosives, medicines. , supplies
artificial i pak, fertilizer and other necessary products. The processing of cotton fiber, production
of synthetic fibers, kapron, nylon and lavash is a major contribution to the development of the
organic chemical textile industry.
The development of organic chemistry is a decisive factor in the development of
technology and production in general. A. M. Butlerov (1828-1886) made a great contribution to
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 8 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
390
the development of organic chemistry with his book "Introduction to the complete study of organic
chemistry" and the creation of the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances in 1861.
Russian scientist N. N. Zinin (1812-1880) obtained aniline from benzene in industry, academician
A. E. Favorsky (1860-1945) studied the chemistry of acetylene, allene and diene hydrocarbons,
academician S. V. Lebedev obtained synthetic rubber in industry, academician N. D. Zelinsky
(1861-1953) to contributed to the development of organic chemistry with the chemistry of
saturated and unsaturated cyclic compounds and methods of their synthesis.
Uzbek scientists have also made great contributions to the development of organic
chemistry. Academician S. Y. Yunusov (1909-1995) conducted research on isoquinoline,
erythrine, diterpene, quinoline, indole, quinazolidine, quinazoline, steroid, pyrrolizidine, pyridine,
tropane and sulfur alkaloids. S. Y. Yunusov created the law of dynamic accumulation of alkaloids
in various parts of plants, and together with his students, he isolated more than 800 alkaloids from
medicinal plants growing in Central Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, of which he determined the
structural formula of 500 new ones. determined and brought the alkaloid chemistry of Uzbekistan
to the leading position in the world. Among his students were N. K. Abubakirov, X. A.
Abduazimov, F. Y. Yoldoshev, Z.F. Well-known chemists such as Ismailov, S. T. Akramov, R.
N. Nuriddinov, M. S. Yunusov, S. I. Iskandarov have grown up. Academician O. S. Sodikov
(1913-1987) is a world-renowned Uzbek chemist, scientist and organizational leader. His scientific
works are devoted to the study of the chemistry of wild and cultivated plants and natural
compounds growing in Central Asia. His students are famous chemists of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan, Armenia, Mongolia, Vietnam and Poland. From 1966 to 1983, O. S. Sodikov
worked as the President of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Academician I. T. Sukervanik
(1901-1968) was a scientist who conducted consistent and extensive research in the field of
"alkylation and acylation of aromatic compounds" and created a well-known school of organic
chemists in this field. He also proved the process of anomalous alkylation, developed the
mechanism of alkylation with alcohols, discovered a new reaction, and used the results of his
research as defoliant and herbicide preparations in agriculture. Academician A. A. Abduvakhobov
is a great scientist who created the element-organic school. Together with his students, he makes
a great contribution to the chemistry of element-organic compounds, the problems of delicate
organic synthesis, the determination of the chemical nature of the mechanism of action of
molecular bioregulators at the molecular level, and the development of the science of organic
chemistry in spatial chemistry. Under the leadership of A. A. Abduvahobov, the first methods of
synthesis of pheromone components were developed in the Central Asian region. The obtained
substances are widely used to protect the cotton plant from harmful insects, remove insects with
the help of attractants, grow cotton, and increase its productivity.
Academician M. A. Askarov is a scientist who has done great scientific work in the field
of polymer chemistry and technology. His scientific works are aimed at polycondensation of
aromatic diamines with aliphatic dibasic acids, in-depth and comprehensive study of
polymerization reactions of new monomers, obtaining plastics containing nitrogen, oxygen and
sulfur and improving their properties. He introduced works based on improving the properties of
film-forming polymers under the influence of stabilizers obtained from oil industry waste to the
production of polymer films and linoleums. Academician S. Sh. Rashidova is a scientist in the
field of chemistry of high molecular compounds. His scientific research is devoted to the synthesis
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 8 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
391
of biologically active polymers with a known chemical structure, drugs based on polymers with
versatile properties, the development of theoretical bases for the selection of plant protection
agents and their application in practice. .
On the basis of these studies, a plasma substitute drug called "Kovilon" was obtained, the
issues of encapsulation of seeds, rice and sunflower seeds with polymeric substances before
sowing were studied based on the substance that controls plant growth - benzoyl formic acid.
Scientific cooperation with French and Swedish scientists has been carried out.
REFERENCES
1.
Borisov I.N. «Kimyo o’qitish uslubiyoti». T.: «O’qituvchi». 1966.
2.
Abdullayev Sh.B. «Kimyo o’qitish uslubiyotidan ma’ruzalar matni». Namangan, Faxrizoda
xususiy kichik korxonasi, 2002.
3.
Azizov M.T. «Ximiya ta’lim uslubiyoti fanidan ma’ruzalar matni». «Qarshi». 2000. 5
4.
Ozbekiston Davlat standarti. Ozbekiston uzluksiz ta’limining Davlat standartlari tizimi. Oliy
ta’lim 5440400 - kimyo yo’nalishiga oid
5.
Axmerov K,., Oʻzbekiston kimyogarlarining muvaffaqiyatlari, Toshkent, 1987.
6.
Axmerov K,., Oʻzbekiston kimyogarlarining muvaffaqiyatlari, Toshkent, 1987.
