ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
751
TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES USED IN HARVESTING POTATO
TUBERS
Xamrayeva Lola
Assistant of the department of General Engineering Sciences
Karshi Engineering-Economic Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10183508
Abstract.
The work provides an analysis of technologies for cultivating potatoes on ridges.
The research was carried out to justify the choice of techniques and technical means that can be
used to implement universal innovative technology.
Kеy wоrds:
soil, tillage, ridges, potatoes, cultivator, harvesting, planting, planters, soil
moisture, equipment, potato harvester.
ПРИЕМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ПРИ УБОРКЕ КЛУБНЕЙ
КАРТОФЕЛЯ
Аннотация.
В работе представлен анализ технологий возделывания картофеля на
грядах. Исследование было проведено с целью обоснования выбора методик и технических
средств, которые могут быть использованы для внедрения универсальной инновационной
технологии.
Ключевые слова:
почва, обработка почвы, гряды, картофель, культиватор, уборка
урожая, посадка, сеялки, влажность почвы, оборудование, картофелеуборочный комбайн.
INTRОDUСTIОN
Global and local climate change is characterized by heavy rainfalls and droughts, which
causes temperature and humidity stress of plants, erosion of ridges and difficulties in autumn
harvesting due to waterlogging of the soil.
New approaches to the implementation of efficient land use schemes: the creation of
industrial agrotechnoparks, agrobioclusters that implement the cultivation and deep processing of
products, pose the task of improving field production technologies, primarily potatoes as the most
energy-intensive crops.
MАTЕRIАLS АND MЕTHОDS
The tasks of modernizing technologies for growing 40-60 t/ha of potatoes are solved by
selecting fields, maximizing the use of fertilizers, protective equipment, irrigation, high-precision
technologies for the industrial cultivation of these crops.
Modern tractors and harvesting equipment, to reduce the specific pressure on the soil, have
wheels with wide tires of 60-90 cm, which accordingly require wide row spacing of 90 cm or more.
However, the optimal distance between plants is determined by biology: the size of tuber nests and
plant habit [1].
RЕSULTS АND DISСUSSIОN
Numerous studies have proven that the total yield at the optimal distance between tubers
during planting is determined by planting density, which for potatoes, for example, is 35-50
thousand plants/ha, or 160-240 thousand stems/ha, in depending on the purpose of the product [1].
Thus, a technical contradiction arises between the expansion of row spacing and the density of the
stem stand.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
752
This can be solved using ridge technologies with planting in 2-4 rows and arranging bushes
in a checkerboard pattern [2], which are especially important for artichoke, since its tuberous nests
are much larger than those of potatoes, and the distance between bushes should be correspondingly
larger - depending on the variety and yield, 1.2-2.0 times. A serious problem when cultivating
potatoes in ridges remains the harvesting of green mass, during which the ridges are compacted
by the wheels of trucks transporting it, which complicates the subsequent digging of tubers.
For optimal development of tuberous plants, it is necessary to form and maintain certain
technological parameters of the development zone of the tuberous nest and root system: optimal
soil density, humidity, resistance to heavy rainfall and drought. Potatoes are “loose soil” crops.
They react especially strongly to compaction, waterlogging and drought. The optimal volumetric
mass for soddy-podzolic and slightly loamy soils is 1.0-1.2 g/cm3. In denser soil, the root system
develops weaker, the tubers are smaller and more deformed [3].
It is advisable to carry out autumn tillage of the soil when cultivating potatoes with a
reversible plow, which eliminates the formation of fall ridges and collapse furrows in the field.
After plowing, the soil is treated with disc harrows. On clay soils, it is advisable to carry out disking
in two tracks. Treatment should be carried out only when the soil reaches physical ripeness.
To create a fine-grained soil structure with sufficient pore volume and good contact with
the lower water-retaining layers, it is necessary to carry out pre-planting tillage. It should be carried
out only to the required depth, which should be 4-5 cm below the level of subsequent placement
of tubers. This is done so that during harvesting, the digging plowshares of combines do not lift a
layer of untreated soil onto the elevator, which is difficult, and under some conditions impossible,
to separate from the tubers [1].
An effective technique is local deep loosening in the center of the ridge with local
application of fertilizers and water-retaining biopolymers, destroying the submersible compaction,
ensuring improvement of the water-air regime of the ridge [1]. Taking into account that the yield
of potatoe is greatly influenced by moisture supply, all soil treatments should be aimed at
increasing the retention of soil moisture, improving moisture-saving capacity and reducing
evaporation.
Pre-planting soil treatment must be carried out in the direction of subsequent planting,
which will subsequently ensure better operation of the equipment. On loamy soils, it can be carried
out using vertical milling cultivators, followed by the formation of a ridge using a passive ridge
former [1].
In our country, an innovative ridge technology for cultivating potatoes and potatoe has been
developed [2, 4], according to which pre-planting soil cultivation is carried out to a depth of 8-12
cm with simultaneous strip subsoil cultivation at 16-25 cm for future rows plants.
The results of her test showed that the potato yield on the ridges is close to the value of this
indicator obtained on the ridges. The higher content of impurities in the heap when cultivated on
ridges, compared to ridges, is explained by increased soil compaction by machinery during inter-
row cultivation and mechanized harvesting of stems.
To create a ridge machine technology for cultivating potatoe, it is advisable to consider the
possibilities of converting existing machines.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
753
The main operation in the spring before planting potato tubers and potatoes using ridge
technology is cutting the ridges with machines with milling or passive working bodies, depending
on the mechanical composition of the soil. If milling machines were used during pre-planting
treatment, and also on light soils, bed formers (bed formers) with passive working bodies can be
used to form ridges. In terms of working width and bed formation parameters, these machines can
be considered as basic for the development of a new technology machine complex.
Planting of potatoe tubers is carried out at the earliest possible times in the area where it is
grown. To implement this technological process, a set of tools and devices similar to those used
for potato ridge technology is suitable.
Planting is carried out with a distance between tubers of 35-50 cm in a checkerboard
pattern according to the schemes 110+40, 70+40+40 or 100+40+40 cm. When growing potatoe, it
is important to ensure the specified plant density. The planting rate depends on the mass of the
tuber and planting density; it varies from 555 to 1850 kg/ha.
Table 1.
Norm for planting tubers with two planting lines on a ridge (180 cm)
Distance
between
plants in a
row, cm
Number
of bushes,
thousand
pcs./ha
Norm for planting tubers based on the weight of one
tuber in grams, kg/ha
25
30
40
50
30
37,0
925
1110
1480
1850
40
27,8
695
834
1112
1390
50
22,2
555
666
888
1110
Depending on the purpose, conditions and time of sale of potatoe tubers, industrial
harvesting technology provides three options: direct combining; harvesting with diggers, placing
crops from several rows in windrows, followed by selection by combines; placing crops in
unharvested rows by diggers, followed by harvesting with combines.
СОNСLUSIОN
Thus, bed technologies are effective for growing potatoes.
The problems of technical equipment for the industrial cultivation of potatoe on ridges can
be solved by converting equipment for growing potatoes.
The presented proposals and characteristics of the machines can form the basis for the
development of technological maps for cultivating potatoes using ridge technology.
RЕFЕRЕNСЕS
1.
Potatoes of Russia: monograph / edited by A.V. Korshunova. M.: LLC “Editorial staff of
the journal “Achievements of science and technology of the agro-industrial complex”,
2012. T.2. 321 p.
2.
Starovoitov V.I., Starovoitova O.A., Chernikov D.V. Method of growing potatoes / Patent
No. 2539635 RU. 05.12.2014. 5 s.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
754
3.
Zamotaev A.I., Korshunov A.V., Starovoitov V.I. and others. Agronomic notebook.
Cultivation of potatoes using intensive technology. M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 2016. 104 p.
4.
Korolev D.D., Simakov E.A. etc. Potatoes are products of the future. M.: Informagrotekh,
2017. 292 p.
