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A REVIEW OF THE EFFECT OF WEATHER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
ATHLETES
Zobairullah Ahmadi
Hasibullah mahmood
Kunduz University
,
Afghanistan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13964393
Abstract.
Air pollution reduces breathing capacity in athletes and affects their
performance. Some pollutants that cause health disorders, such as tropospheric ozone (O3),
particulate matter (PMx), carbon monoxide (CO) have been separately identified. Nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOX). These are usually concentrated in urban centers and are mainly,
though not exclusively, caused by normal human activities such as transportation, heating,
cooking, and agricultural and industrial activities. The aforementioned factors cause various
diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory and affect the performance of athletes.
Conclusion: During training and physical activity, the amount of oxygen consumption increases
and suspended particles, ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide penetrates deep into the lungs and
even blood flow, which is more common among endurance athletes than in the open air. But the
health that sports brings is beyond the harm of air pollution, but still air pollution has a negative
effect on the performance of athletes.
Keywords:
Pollution, air, performance, athletes.
ОБЗОР ВЛИЯНИЯ ПОГОДЫ НА РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СПОРТСМЕНОВ
Аннотация.
Загрязнение воздуха снижает дыхательную способность спортсменов
и влияет на их работоспособность. Были отдельно идентифицированы некоторые
загрязняющие вещества, вызывающие нарушения здоровья, такие как тропосферный озон
(O3), твердые частицы (PMx), оксид углерода (CO). Оксиды азота (NOx) и оксиды серы
(SOX). Они обычно концентрируются в городских центрах и в основном, хотя и не
исключительно, вызваны обычной деятельностью человека, такой как транспорт,
отопление, приготовление пищи, а также сельскохозяйственная и промышленная
деятельность. Вышеупомянутые факторы вызывают различные заболевания, такие как
рак, сердечно-сосудистые, респираторные, и влияют на работоспособность спортсменов.
Вывод: во время тренировок и физической активности увеличивается количество
потребляемого кислорода, а взвешенные частицы, озон, оксид азота, оксид серы
проникают глубоко в легкие и даже в кровоток, что чаще встречается у спортсменов на
выносливость, чем на открытом воздухе. Но здоровье, которое приносит спорт, выходит
за рамки вреда от загрязнения воздуха, но все же загрязнение воздуха оказывает
отрицательное влияние на работоспособность спортсменов.
Ключевые слова:
загрязнение, воздух, работоспособность, спортсмены.
INTRODUCTION
Physical inactivity has serious effects on population health and affects quality of life and
health care costs in many countries. But it should be noted that the environment we run in is just
as important to our health as the exercise itself, especially for outdoor runners. The issue of air
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pollution and its impact on human health is one of the important issues of the day, including the
role of environmental activists, especially the important role of the government in controlling air
pollution is one of the important issues. (Malik, 2017) New cities have been built with the approach
of attracting the population of large overflowing cities in their vicinity, which will face
environmental problems in the future as the process of population attraction
continues(rizvani,2021) The impact of the environment on health is a hot topic that has received
attention in recent years. The right amount of exercise improves human health and strengthens
immunity. However, exercising in polluted environments can affect the effectiveness of exercise
and even harm the div to different degrees. Pollutants in the air such as solid particles, hydrogen
sulfide, carbon monoxide, ozone, dust and acid dust and aerosols cause significant damage to the
human div, which leads to various respiratory and lung diseases and can even cause cancer. This
study also examines the effect of air pollution on the cardiopulmonary function of athletes. The
results show that air pollution has adverse effects on human cardiopulmonary function and aerobic
metabolic capacity. In addition, this study shows that air pollution is associated with significantly
more adverse effects on the respiratory system of athletes than non-athletes.
The impact of the environment on health is a hot topic that has received attention in recent
years. The right amount of exercise improves human health and strengthens immunity.
However, exercising in polluted environments can affect the effectiveness of exercise and
even harm the div to different degrees. Pollutants in the air such as solid particles, hydrogen
sulfide, carbon monoxide, ozone, dust and acid dust and aerosols cause significant damage to the
human div, which leads to various respiratory and lung diseases and can even cause cancer. This
study also examines the effect of air pollution on the cardiopulmonary function of athletes. The
results show that air pollution has adverse effects on human cardiopulmonary function and aerobic
metabolic capacity. In addition, this study shows that air pollution is associated with significantly
more adverse effects on the respiratory system of athletes than non-athletes( Li 2021). Nowadays,
everyone is advised to exercise. Due to the increase in the number of breaths, the depth of breathing
and the decrease in nasal resistance in outdoor runners during exercise, the harmful particles of air
pollution can easily reach the lower respiratory tract. Exercise is important for our health(Aydın,
Cingi et al. 2014).
The increase in the world's population and the use of polluting sources of energy in the
modern world have led to changes in the quality of the air we breathe. Airborne pollutants have
harmful effects on health that have been widely studied. As a result of these studies, this type of
pollution has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disorders, acute lung infections, acute
bronchial obstruction (and chronic asthma disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
According to data provided by the World Health Organization in 2018, about 90% of
people are exposed to polluted air, especially in poor or developing countries in all continents,
which together cause about seven million deaths globally every year. Although we breathe a
mixture of substances in the air, at the individual level it has become possible to identify some of
the pollutants that cause health disorders, such as tropospheric ozone (O3), particulate matter
(PMx), carbon monoxide (CO). Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOX). These are usually
concentrated in urban centers and are mainly, though not exclusively, caused by normal human
activities such as transportation, heating, cooking, and agricultural and industrial activities.
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Our div comes into contact with atmospheric pollutants through a large area of lung
tissue, making this organ particularly susceptible to damage from the components of the air we
breathe, such as particulate matter, cigarette smoke, various gases, and pollens. As a result, this
interaction causes changes in the function of this organ. The amount of pollutants that reach the
lungs during exercise depends on both their concentration in the air and the magnitude of
pulmonary physiological phenomena that are typical of physical effort: bronchodilation, increased
ventilation, mouth breathing, and increased diffusion capacity. This means that during exercise
there is a greater load of tissue pollutants that affect deeper areas of the lung and may even be
associated with more passage of these substances into the bloodstream, such as gases and
particulate matter.
The increase in the world's population and the use of polluting sources of energy in the
modern world have led to changes in the quality of the air we breathe. Airborne pollutants have
harmful effects on health that have been widely studied. As a result of these studies, this type of
pollution has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disorders, acute lung infections, acute
bronchial obstruction (and chronic asthma disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
According to data provided by the World Health Organization in 2018, about 90% of
people are ex posed to polluted air, especially in poor or developing countries in all continents,
which together cause about seven million deaths globally every year. Although we breathe a
mixture of substances in the air, at the individual level it has become possible to identify some of
the pollutants that cause health disorders, such as tropospheric ozone (O3), particulate matter
(PMx), carbon monoxide (CO). Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOX). These are usually
concentrated in urban centers and are mainly, though not exclusively, caused by normal human
activities such as transportation, heating, cooking, and agricultural and industrial activities.
Our div comes into contact with atmospheric pollutants through a large area of lung
tissue, making this organ particularly susceptible to damage from the components of the air we
breathe, such as particulate matter, cigarette smoke, various gases, and pollens. As a result, this
interaction causes changes in the function of this organ. The amount of pollutants that reach the
lungs during exercise depends on both their concentration in the air and the magnitude of
pulmonary physiological phenomena that are typical of physical effort: bronchodilation, increased
ventilation, mouth breathing, and increased diffusion capacity. This means that during exercise
there is a greater load of tissue pollutants that affect deeper areas of the lung and may even be
associated with more passage of these substances into the bloodstream, such as gases and
particulate matter.
Air pollution, caused by natural events and human activities, poses a significant threat to
global health, particularly on respiratory conditions such as asthma. Air pollution significantly
affects asthma exacerbations in athletes, a group that is vulnerable due to high levels of physical
activity and increased respiratory demands. Key pollutants, including particulate matter (PM),
ground-level ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), play an important
role in the development and exacerbation of asthma(Araneda, Kosche-Cárcamo et al. 2021).
Effective management of asthma in the midst of air pollution requires personal, social and
governmental actions. Patients should minimize their exposure by using N95 masks and choosing
low-traffic routes. Governments must monitor pollution, inform the public, and control greenhouse
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gas emissions through alternative fuels and technologies. Adherence to WHO air quality
guidelines can prevent many new cases of asthma and emphasizes the importance of
comprehensive air quality management, especially among vulnerable populations such as
children(Kruczyk, Piętak et al. 2024).
Little is known about the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of acute exposure to
chlorine byproducts, air pollution, cold weather, or altitude in the development of respiratory
diseases, especially in athletes(Bougault 2022) .People who exercise in polluted environments are
at risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to the increased amount of pollutants entering
the lungs(Fashi 2022).
The way of doing the work: This research has been done in a systematic way. In this review
article, researches are used that mostly deal with experimental cases.
Research findings: They show that inhaling high concentrations of air pollutants can cause
more damage to athletes who perform intensive training than to the general population.
Athletes are particularly vulnerable because their air intake is greater and many of them
train and compete outdoors for large parts of the day. During intense exercise, athletes can breathe
more than 6,000 liters per hour compared to 400 to 500 liters per hour at rest and 1,000 liters per
hour with light exercise. Among other things, the increase in lung ventilation occurs during
exercise. Inhaling more air through the mouth during exercise bypasses the nasal filtration
mechanisms. Increasing the speed of air flow transports, the pollutants to the depths of the
respiratory tracts and as a result increases the absorption of gaseous pollutants and as a result, the
concentration level of individual pollutants in the human div also increases.
Despite the studies mentioned above, there is little research on the physical activity of
professional athletes in a potentially polluted environment, and especially on soccer players.
Among the pollutants that are often analyzed and controlled are: ozone (O3), suspended
particles (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The first is ozone, a gas produced by the action of
sunlight on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, which is detrimental to athletic performance when
the exposure is high enough. Subsequent respiratory distress associated with increased ozone
exposure may decrease maximal work output and contribute significantly to increased overall
perceived exertion. Particulate matter is mainly produced from fuel combustion in gasoline and
diesel engines, combustion of wood and fossil fuels, and during construction work. There are
different criteria for dividing particles. However, the most common analysis is for particles such
as PM10 (with a particle diameter below 10 μm), PM2.5 (below 2.5 μm) and PM1 (below 1 μm).
The smaller the particle, the greater its potential to cause damage because it can penetrate
deeper into the lungs. However, even PM10 has a harmful effect on health because its combination
of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water vapor creates particles coated with sulfuric acid that can settle
in the lungs and cause irritation and asthma-like symptoms.
On the other hand, nitrogen dioxide is a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. NO2 tends to
coexist with PM and usually O3, and they are often inhaled simultaneously. As a result, they have
a comprehensive effect on the human div, and for this reason, the analysis of all three types of
pollutants mentioned above seems important, especially considering the fact that the literature
lacks studies that show the integrated effect of pollutants. Three parameters that are often described
from air pollution in the div of professional athletes. Numerous studies show the connection
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between air pollution and the cardiovascular and respiratory system, and adverse changes in the
biomarkers of physiological and biochemical functions have also been identified. It is directly
related to the performance of the athlete's div and consequently to their performance during
sports competitions. In order to solve this problem and considering the above information, it was
decided that the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of air quality based on the
integration model of three types of air pollutants ((O3, NO2)), PM10). About the physical activity
of football players in the Bundesliga. In a 202 research by Zacharko et al., three types of air
pollutants, ozone (O3), suspended particles (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were found on football
physical activity. It can be seen that the deterioration of only one air pollution parameter leads to
a significant decrease in performance. This is important information because air pollution is now
a significant problem for many countries. Improving air quality during training sessions and sports
competitions leads to better athletes' well-being and athletic performance, and also helps protect
athletes from the negative health effects of air pollution
.
( Zacharko, Cichowicz et al. 2021)
Exposure to air pollutants may cause allergic airway inflammation in increasing Fractional exhaled
Nitric Oxide (FeNO) levels in exercise populations and negatively affect human health(Shi, Li et
al. 2022) . The degree of air pollution is directly proportional to the extent of damage to the
cardiopulmonary function of the athlete in outdoor sports. In the research of Liu et al., 2022, the
issue of air pollution has been investigated and the study of air pollution levels, PM2.5
concentration changes and meteorological factors have been found to be effective on zinc
performance(Liu, Ge et al. 2022).
(Araneda, Kosche-Cárcamo et al. 2021).
Physical inactivity has serious effects on population health and affects quality of life and
health care costs in many countries. This has motivated public and private institutions to promote
regular physical activity, which, paradoxically, can pose health risks when performed in areas of
poor air quality(Araneda, Kosche-Cárcamo et al. 2021). A significant increase of up to 20 times
in the amount of ventilation and simultaneous breathing through the nose and mouth. In addition,
mouth breathing often drowns out sounds during intense exercise and increases the harmful effects
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of pollutants on health and athletic performance. Although limited, any decline in athletic
performance could have a potentially detrimental effect on elite athletes competing in China's next
Olympics. Several Olympic records are regularly broken during the Olympic Games(Lippi, Guidi
et al. 2008).
Also, Kabul is one of the most polluted cities in the world, where various types of diseases
exist among its citizens and the citizens struggle with it. In the picture below, you can practically
see the pollution of Kabul city.
https://www.independentpersian.com/node/205881
Air pollution, caused by natural events and human activities, poses a significant threat to
global health, particularly on respiratory conditions such as asthma. Air pollution significantly
affects asthma exacerbations in athletes, a group that is vulnerable due to high levels of physical
activity and increased respiratory demands. Key pollutants, including particulate matter (PM),
ground-level ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), play an important
role in the development and exacerbation of asthma (Kruczyk, Piętak et al. 2024). Vehicles and
road traffic produce particulate matter (SPM), sulfur oxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO2), and
carbon monoxide (CO), which cause adverse health effects on exposed populations(Das and
Chatterjee 2014). Little is known about the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of acute
exposure to chlorine byproducts, air pollution, cold weather, or altitude in the development of
respiratory diseases, particularly in athletes(Bougault, Adami et al. 2022). Most of the studies
conducted pollutant monitoring in indoor environments used for physical exercises and sports
training. The first studies were conducted in ice skating rinks and the newest gyms, fitness centers
and sports centers were evaluated. The concentrations of CO, suspended particles and NO2 were
the most investigated and had the longest history of investigation. These contaminants were within
the range set by the guidelines in most studies. Studies that have examined the relationship between
air quality have documented the adverse effects of pollution. There is a need for more studies
focusing on the relationship between pollution and health(Andrade and Dominski 2018).
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Airway epithelial damage may be caused by dehydration and physical stress applied to the
airways during severe hyperpnoea during exercise or by inhalation of noxious agents. This is
thought to initiate a cascading, inflammatory repair process that can ultimately lead to airway
hyper responsiveness (AHR) and asthma in predisposed athletes. The authors review the evidence
for preventing or reducing the risk of AHR/asthma. Appropriate measures must be taken when
athletes are trying to reduce dehydration stress and reduce exposure to harmful weather agents.
Environmental interventions are the most important of them. Non-pharmacological
strategies can help, but currently, pharmacological measures have not been shown to be effective.
Whether early prevention of airway injury in elite athletes can prevent or reduce
progression to AHR/asthma remains unclear(Kippelen, Fitch et al. 2012).
Air pollution is a major problem worldwide, which can be even more serious for athletes
who train in urban environments. Exercise increases minute ventilation and exposure to pollutants,
but the literature on the effects of air pollution in athletes is relatively sparse, with the exception
of chlorine exposure in aquatic athletes and secondary air pollution to the ice surface in athletes
on ice rinks. they play Although air pollution may have detrimental effects on athletic
performance, little has been published on this topic. The largest div of information relates to the
impact of air pollution on active urban transportation, i.e. walking and cycling in cities, due to the
potential risk of air pollution in citizens and the need to revise urban transportation strategies
accordingly. In healthy people, the benefits of physical activity greatly outweigh the harms of
exposure to air pollutants. However, harmful effects have been shown in susceptible individuals,
such as patients with heart or respiratory disease and children. Improving air quality, personal
protective behaviors and prompt communication with the population of air quality hazards may
help limit the negative effects of air pollution on respiratory health(Morici, Cibella et al. 2019).
The lack of clean air in big and industrial cities prevents sports activities and the countless
benefits of sports are not taken into account. A literature search found 89,094 articles related to air
pollution published in SID, PubMed, and Web of Science until December 2021. Finally, 80 articles
were extracted after selecting the articles and limiting the search to exercise inflammation and lung
tissue. After removing old articles that were not published between 2000 and 2021 and articles
without full text, 65 articles were reviewed. Based on the review, exposure to air pollution is
associated with increased inflammation and decreased cellular immune function, characterized by
activation of toll-like receptors and downstream signaling pathways. Regular exercise improves
the inflammatory condition in various lung diseases.
People who exercise in polluted environments are at risk of respiratory and cardiovascular
diseases due to the increased amount of pollutants entering the lungs. However, the studies did not
consider the potential anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training, which could inhibit the pro-
inflammatory events caused by air pollution. Regular exercise appears to modulate lung
inflammatory responses and div mass, and to some extent reduce the risk of lung disease(Fashi
2022).
The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the scientific evidence for the health
effects of exposure to air pollution and outdoor exercise. We conducted a literature search in
PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles evaluating the combined effect of
air pollution exposure and exercise on health. Each included study needs a clear exercise
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intervention plan. The quality of each included study was assessed, and the quality of evidence
was also measured for each outcome assessed in the meta-analysis. Six studies found that exposure
to traffic pollution or high PM during exercise may contribute to changes in blood pressure,
systemic luminal artery function, and microvascular function. The combined effect of air pollution
and exercise is associated with an increased risk of potential health problems of cardiopulmonary
function, immune function, and exercise performance(Qin, Yang et al. 2019). Air pollutants and
meteorological agents are associated with lung function and respiratory symptoms and have
cumulative effects among elite athletes. In the multi-pollutant model, temperature has the greatest
effect on lung function(Lee, Kim et al. 2023). Physical activities should be done in the early hours
of the morning before 7 am in Tehran. Due to the presence of air pollution at all hours of the day
and night, efforts to reduce air pollution are vital(Mohaghegh, Kordi et al. 2012). Exposure to high
concentrations of air pollutants may be associated with decreased lung function in sedentary,
trained boys, despite regular participation in an exercise program may improve lung function. It is
a well-known fact that sports, aerobic or training exercises, if performed regularly, have a
favorable effect on various div systems. Previous studies have shown that athletes have higher
values of lung volume compared to their control counterparts who do not exercise regularly. Many
studies have shown the effect of air pollution on children's lung function, and it has been stated
that in areas with high concentrations of nitric oxide, the values of children's lung function
parameters are low and their growth is relatively delayed(Das and Chatterjee 2014).
The prevalence of rhinitis in athletes has often been studied in combination with asthma,
but the effect of exercise on the paracrine and secretory functions of the nasal mucosa has been
less proven. This systematic review was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of
exercise on the nasal mucosa in elite athletes. There is no evidence in the available literature to
suggest exercise-induced narrowing of the nasal airway. Olfaction and mucosal transit time were
affected in swimmers, possibly attributable to chlorine irritation, and resolved with cessation of
exercise. Short-term intense exercise may cause changes in cytology and prolongation of mucosal
transit time, which resolves rapidly with rest(Surda, Walker et al. 2018).
In the 2018 research of Orji et al., it is said that many citizens of polluted cities exercise in
closed spaces(Oroji, Solgi et al. 2018). In the 2024 research of Savja et al., fossil fuels are
considered to be the cause of pollution and their effect on health is harmful and exercise is a way
to reduce it. Although increased exposure to air pollution may partially offset the positive effects
of exercise, the overall health benefits outweigh it(SAVĞA and GÜNGÖR 2024).
CONCLUSION
The lack of clean air in big and industrial cities prevents sports activities and the countless
benefits of sports are not taken into account. Air pollution has become an important public health
concern. During exercise, many physiological factors are thought to increase the effects of air
pollution. Air pollution affects lung function and respiratory symptoms more.
Elite athletes, especially those who participate in endurance sports and are chronically
exposed to airborne pollutants/stimulants or allergens, are at increased risk of upper and lower
airway dysfunction due to indoor exercise injury. Reduces contamination in athletes.
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Nowadays, people cannot avoid the global problem of air pollution caused by car exhaust
as long as they live in urban areas. Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and mortality in many countries.
Fine particles less than 10 micrometers (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3)
were the main air pollutants in Tehran. The hourly PM10 concentration changes were minimal and
beyond the optimal level. Sports, aerobic or training exercises, if done regularly, have a favorable
effect on different div systems. The problem of air quality has been noticed by the World Health
Organization (WHO), which estimated that in 2012 there were about 7 million deaths caused by
living in polluted areas. Air is a global problem that affects many countries in the world. High or
excessive levels of air pollutants in certain periods and places also apply to European countries
that are highly developed in terms of economy and industry. In Germany, most urban areas still
do not meet the air quality standards of the World Health Organization.
Although there are different air quality assessment scales, domestic scales are usually less
STRINGENT than European standards. However, air quality standards or guidelines are often not
met.
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